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CorollaryStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-27
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Derivations are maps out of Ω

Statement

Let A→B be a homomorphism of commutative rings, let (ΩB/A,d) be a Kähler differential module for it (Universal Kähler differential module), which exists by Existence and generators of Kähler differentials, and let M be a B-module. Then composition with d is an isomorphism of B-modules

Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M)  → ∼   Der⁡A(B,M),g⟼g∘d,

natural in M: for every B-linear t ⁣:M→N the two composites Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M)→Der⁡A(B,N) obtained by applying t before and after the isomorphism agree. Equivalently, ΩB/A represents the covariant functor M↦Der⁡A(B,M) on B-modules.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A ring homomorphism A→B, a Kähler differential module (ΩB/A,d) for it, and a B-module M.

[F1]

Existence and generators of Kähler differentials: for the module ΩB/A=F/R presented by the free B-module on the symbols [b] modulo the additive, Leibniz and A-constant relators, and for every B-module M, the assignment g↦g∘d is a bijection Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M)→Der⁡A(B,M), natural in M.

[F2]

Universal Kähler differential module: a Kähler differential module for A→B is a pair (ΩB/A,d) with d an A-derivation of B into ΩB/A such that g↦g∘d is a bijection Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M)→Der⁡A(B,M) for every B-module M, and such that these bijections are natural in M.

[F3]

Derivation of an algebra: Der⁡A(B,M) is a B-module under pointwise addition and scalar multiplication, and for B-linear t ⁣:M→N composition D↦t∘D is a B-module map Der⁡A(B,M)→Der⁡A(B,N).

Proof

1.1

Bijectivity. By [F1] the pair (ΩB/A,d) is a Kähler differential module for A→B, so [F2] gives, for every B-module M, that g↦g∘d is a bijection Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M)→Der⁡A(B,M); the same statement holds for any Kähler differential module, since any two are related by a unique compatible isomorphism identifying the two assignments.

F1F2
1.2

Additivity and B-linearity of the bijection. Both sides are B-modules: Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M) under pointwise operations, and Der⁡A(B,M) under the operations of [F3]. For g,g′∈Hom⁡B(ΩB/A,M) and c∈B one has (g+g′)∘d=g∘d+g′∘d and (c⋅g)∘d=c⋅(g∘d) as maps B→M, because evaluation at any b gives c g(db) on both sides. Hence g↦g∘d is a homomorphism of B-modules.

F2F3algebra
2.1

Naturality. Let t ⁣:M→N be B-linear. By [F3] the composite t∘D is a derivation for every D∈Der⁡A(B,M) and the assignment D↦t∘D is B-linear; moreover t∘(g∘d)=(t∘g)∘d for every B-linear g ⁣:ΩB/A→M, since both sides send b to t(g(db)). Thus applying t after the isomorphism agrees with applying t before it, and the isomorphism of step 1.2 is natural in M: the B-module ΩB/A represents the functor M↦Der⁡A(B,M) by [F2].

step 1.2F2F3∎

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