Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedaudited 2026-09-27
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The diagonal ideal modulo its square is Omega

Statement

Let A→B be a homomorphism of commutative rings, let μ ⁣:B⊗AB⟶B,μ(b⊗b′)=bb′, be the multiplication, and let J=ker⁡μ. Then J/J2 is a B-module through b⋅x:=(b⊗1)x=(1⊗b)x, and the map

ΩB/A⟶J/J2,db⟼[ 1⊗b−b⊗1 ],

is an isomorphism of B-modules, natural in the ring map A→B. Its inverse sends the class of 1⊗b−b⊗1 to db.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A ring map A→B, the ring B⊗AB with multiplication μ, and J=ker⁡μ.

[F1]

Existence and generators of Kähler differentials and Derivations are maps out of Ω: ΩB/A exists and every A-derivation D ⁣:B→M into a B-module factors uniquely as D=α∘d with α B-linear.

[F2]

Universal mapping property of the tensor product of commutative algebras and Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups: B⊗AB is the coproduct of the two A-algebras B, with the A-algebra maps b↦b⊗1 and b′↦1⊗b′, and A-bilinear maps on B×B correspond to A−linear maps on B⊗AB.

[F3]

Derivation of an algebra: an A-derivation is additive, A-constant and satisfies the Leibniz rule.

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The class map is a derivation. Put jb:=1⊗b−b⊗1∈J and D(b):=[jb]∈J/J2. For b,c∈B, expansion in B⊗AB gives jbc−[(b⊗1)jc+(c⊗1)jb]=jbjc∈J2, so D(bc)=bD(c)+cD(b). The factors b⊗1 and 1⊗b act identically on J/J2, since their difference lies in J and J(J/J2)=0. Also D is additive and D(a)=0 for a∈A, since 1⊗a=a⊗1. Hence D is an A-derivation into the B-module J/J2, and [F1] gives a unique B-linear α ⁣:ΩB/A→J/J2 with α(db)=D(b).

F1F3
2.1

α is surjective. Every x=∑ibi⊗ci∈J satisfies ∑ibici=0, hence x=∑i(bi⊗1)(1⊗ci−ci⊗1)=∑i(bi⊗1)jci in B⊗AB, using (bi⊗1)(ci⊗1)=bici⊗1 and ∑ibici⊗1=0. Thus J is generated as a left B-module by the jc, and J/J2 is generated by their classes D(c), which lie in the image of α. Hence α is surjective.

step 1.1F2
3.1

A left inverse. The assignment (b,c)↦b dc is A-bilinear, so [F2] defines an A-linear map Ψ ⁣:B⊗AB→ΩB/A with Ψ(b⊗c)=b dc. It is linear for the left B-action a⋅(b⊗c)=(ab)⊗c. For b,c∈B, expand jbjc=1⊗bc−c⊗b−b⊗c+bc⊗1. Then Ψ(jbjc)=d(bc)−c db−b dc+bc d1=0 by the Leibniz rule. By step 2.1, J is generated as a left B-module by the jb, so J2 is generated as a left B-module by their pairwise products; left B-linearity of Ψ therefore gives Ψ(J2)=0. Restricting Ψ to J and passing to the quotient gives a B-linear map β ⁣:J/J2→ΩB/A with β([jb])=db.

F2F3step 2.1
4.1

The maps are inverse. For b∈B one has β(α(db))=Ψ(jb)=Ψ(1⊗b−b⊗1)=db−b d1=db. The differentials db generate ΩB/A, so β∘α=id. Since α is surjective by step 2.1, it follows also that α∘β=id. Thus α is an isomorphism. The formulas defining jb and Ψ commute with maps of ring homomorphisms A→B, so the isomorphism is natural.

step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1∎

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