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Smooth weak Dirichlet solutions are classical

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice (for the Sobolev embedding and the trace characterisation) and Countable Choice. Let Ω⊂Rn be a bounded C∞ domain, n≥2, K∈{R,C}, and suppose aij,bi,c,f extend to C∞ functions on a neighbourhood of Ω‾. If u∈H01(Ω) is a weak solution of Lu=f with zero boundary values (Weak Dirichlet solutions for a divergence-form operator), then u∈Hm(Ω) for every m; u agrees almost everywhere with a function u~∈C∞(Ω‾) satisfying Lu=f pointwise in Ω, and u~∣∂Ω=0. The boundary values are those of the continuous representative, consistent with the trace characterisation of The kernel of the trace is the closure of the test functions; the statement asserts no pointwise boundary condition for the Sobolev class itself.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the Axiom of Choice and Countable Choice; the bounded C∞ domain; the coefficients and datum extending smoothly to a neighbourhood of the closure; and the zero-trace weak solution u.

[F1]

Higher-order boundary regularity: for every integer k≥0, smooth coefficients supply the Wk+1,∞ bounds on Ω and the datum lies in Hk(Ω), so u∈Hk+2(Ω) with a bound depending only on n,k,Ω and the coefficient bounds. (Higher-order boundary regularity for Dirichlet problems)

[F2]

Sobolev embedding on the bounded C∞ domain: Ω is a bounded extension domain, so for m>n/2 every class in Hm(Ω) has a continuous representative; more generally Hm(Ω)⊂Cℓ(Ω‾) for m>ℓ+n/2, so all derivatives up to order ℓ have continuous representatives. (Higher-order Sobolev embedding, Sobolev extension domains and extension operators, Bounded C^k domains admit integer-order Sobolev extension)

[F3]

Trace and zero boundary values: u∈H01(Ω) has zero trace, and the trace of a class with a continuous representative is the restriction of that representative to ∂Ω. (The kernel of the trace is the closure of the test functions, The trace agrees with classical restriction for continuous Sobolev functions)

Proof

1.1F1

Every Sobolev order. Fix m∈N. Since aij,bi,c and f extend smoothly to a neighbourhood of Ω‾, their restrictions to Ω are of class C∞(Ω) with bounded derivatives of every order on Ω, and f∈Hm(Ω); [F1] with k=m gives u∈Hm+2(Ω). As m was arbitrary, u∈Hm(Ω) for every m.

2.1F2step 1.1

A smooth representative up to the boundary. Fix ℓ∈N and choose m>ℓ+n/2. By step 1.1, u∈Hm(Ω), and [F2] gives a representative of u whose derivatives up to order ℓ are continuous on Ω‾; these representatives are compatible for different ℓ (they are weak derivatives of one another on Ω and continuous), so they determine a function u~∈C∞(Ω‾) with u~=u a.e. on Ω.

3.1F1step 2.1

The equation pointwise. Since u∈H2(Ω), the strong form Lu=f holds a.e. on Ω with the a.e. expression (Diaij)Dju+aijDiDju; both sides are continuous functions on Ω for the representative u~ and the smooth data, and continuous functions agreeing a.e. agree everywhere, so Lu~=f pointwise in Ω.

3.2F3step 2.1

Boundary values. The class u lies in H01(Ω), so its trace vanishes; on the other hand the trace of a Sobolev class with a continuous representative equals the restriction of that representative, so the restriction of u~ is zero surface-almost-everywhere. If it were nonzero at a boundary point, continuity would make it nonzero on a relatively open boundary patch, which has positive surface measure by the boundary graph parametrization. Hence u~∣∂Ω=0 at every boundary point.

4.1step 2.1step 3.1step 3.2∎

Conclusion. Under C∞ boundary regularity and C∞ data extending to the closure, the weak zero-trace solution is the Sobolev class of a function u~∈C∞(Ω‾) that solves the equation pointwise and vanishes on the boundary; the Axiom of Choice enters through the embedding and trace interfaces of [F2] and [F3], and Countable Choice through the Sobolev interfaces of [F1].

Source notes

Hunter's Corollary 4.32 (printed p. 116) and Laugesen's Theorem 5.11 (printed p. 113) state this conclusion; the proof bootstraps the higher-order boundary estimate and then applies the Sobolev embedding and the trace characterisation. The scaffold listed Morrey's inequality; the proof uses only the higher-order embedding on the bounded extension domain Ω.

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