Alphabeta Math
DefinitionDefinition: Literature-sourcedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6.1-sol)
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The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Bounded, coercive and symmetric sesquilinear forms

Definition

Let H be a real or complex Hilbert space over K∈{R,C} with inner product (⋅,⋅) linear in the first argument and conjugate-linear in the second (Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length, Hilbert space), and let a:H×H→K be sesquilinear in the sense of Sesquilinear and Hermitian forms over a field with an involution, using the convention linear in the first variable: linear in the first argument and conjugate-linear in the second. The form a is bounded with bound M≥0 when ∣a(u,v)∣≤M∥u∥ ∥v∥for all u,v∈H, and coercive with constant α>0 when Re⁡a(u,u)≥α∥u∥2for all u∈H. It is symmetric (Hermitian) when a(u,v)=a(v,u)‾ for all u,v, over C this is equivalent to a(u,u)∈R for every u. Indeed, writing q(u)=a(u,u), sesquilinearity gives 4a(u,v)=q(u+v)−q(u−v)+iq(u+iv)−iq(u−iv), and real diagonal values make this identity conjugate-symmetric. Over R, symmetry means a(u,v)=a(v,u); real diagonal values alone do not imply symmetry. The adjoint form is a∗(u,v):=a(v,u)‾, and (a∗)∗=a. Real bilinear convention. When H is a real Hilbert space the same definitions apply with a bilinear and coercive in the form a(u,u)≥α∥u∥2; the conjugation in the second slot is then the identity. More generally, a real bilinear form may satisfy the boundedness and coercivity conditions without being symmetric; symmetry is an additional property, not part of either condition. When H={0} every form is bounded with bound 0 and coercive with every α>0; this degenerate case is kept but is never load-bearing. All constants below are named and never silently improved. No choice principle is used in this definition.

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