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Bounded, coercive and symmetric sesquilinear forms
Definition
Let be a real or complex Hilbert space over with inner product linear in the first argument and conjugate-linear in the second (Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length, Hilbert space), and let be sesquilinear in the sense of Sesquilinear and Hermitian forms over a field with an involution, using the convention linear in the first variable: linear in the first argument and conjugate-linear in the second. The form is bounded with bound when and coercive with constant when It is symmetric (Hermitian) when for all , over this is equivalent to for every . Indeed, writing , sesquilinearity gives , and real diagonal values make this identity conjugate-symmetric. Over , symmetry means ; real diagonal values alone do not imply symmetry. The adjoint form is , and . Real bilinear convention. When is a real Hilbert space the same definitions apply with bilinear and coercive in the form ; the conjugation in the second slot is then the identity. More generally, a real bilinear form may satisfy the boundedness and coercivity conditions without being symmetric; symmetry is an additional property, not part of either condition. When every form is bounded with bound and coercive with every ; this degenerate case is kept but is never load-bearing. All constants below are named and never silently improved. No choice principle is used in this definition.
Depends on
- Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
- Hilbert space
- Linear map between vector spaces over the same field
- A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms
- Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length
- Sesquilinear and Hermitian forms over a field with an involution, using the convention linear in the first variable
- Real and complex scalar conventions for normed spaces
Used by
- A positive reaction term restores coercivity without Poincar'e Corollary
- A sufficiently large shift is coercive Corollary
- Eigenfunctions for distinct symmetric elliptic eigenvalues are L²-orthogonal Corollary
- Symmetric Lax--Milgram is energy minimisation Corollary
- The Lax--Milgram solution operator has norm at most 1/α Corollary
- A bounded form without coercivity need not be solvable Counterexample
- A coercive form need not be symmetric Counterexample
- A large adverse zero-order term destroys Dirichlet coercivity Counterexample
- Coercive non-symmetric forms need not have an orthonormal eigenbasis Counterexample
- The Neumann Poisson problem is not coercive on all of H¹ Counterexample
- Closed sectorial form and its associated operator Definition
- The closed convex obstacle set and the obstacle variational inequality Definition
- The formal adjoint and the adjoint weak Dirichlet problem Definition
- The L² operator associated with a symmetric elliptic form Definition
- The negative Sobolev space H⁻¹(Ω) Definition
- The shifted elliptic solution operator Definition
- A coercive non-symmetric form can have non-real Galerkin eigenvalues Example
- A one-dimensional form attains the 1/α Lax--Milgram bound Example
- A shift removes a negative zero-order obstruction Example
- Complex sesquilinear coercivity differs from bilinear positivity Example
- A bounded form is represented by a unique bounded operator Lemma
- A coercive form operator is bounded below Lemma
- Coercive sectorial forms define closed densely defined sectorial operators Lemma
- Coercivity makes a small form step a strict contraction Lemma
- Coercivity of the adjoint makes the form-operator range dense Lemma
- Coercivity of the principal Dirichlet form Lemma
- Testing a coercive weak solution with itself gives the energy bound Lemma
- The adjoint of a coercive form is coercive with the same constants Lemma
- The associated elliptic operator is densely defined, symmetric and lower bounded Lemma
- The sectorial form angle controls the numerical range of its operator Lemma
- The symmetric shifted solution operator is positive and self-adjoint Lemma
- Nonsymmetric Lax--Milgram is not a scalar minimisation principle Remark
- Existence and uniqueness for the obstacle problem Theorem
- Lipschitz stability of strongly monotone variational inequalities Theorem
- Stampacchia's variational inequality Theorem
- The first positive Neumann eigenvalue has the mean-zero Rayleigh characterisation Theorem
- The Lax--Milgram theorem Theorem
- The Rayleigh principle for the first Dirichlet eigenvalue Theorem
- The symmetric elliptic form operator is self-adjoint with compact resolvent Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
28 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Richard S. Laugesen, Linear Analysis and Partial Differential Equations (University of Illinois, 2020, complete 158-page graduate notes) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Leon Simon, Lectures on Partial Differential Equations (Stanford, complete 223-page author scan) (standard reference, not scraped)
- John K. Hunter, Notes on Partial Differential Equations (UC Davis, revised 18 June 2014, complete 242-page two-quarter notes) (standard reference, not scraped)