How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The external direct product with componentwise multiplication
Definition
Let and be groups. Their external direct product has underlying set
and componentwise operation
The fact that this operation makes a group, with the indicated identity and inverses, is proved in is a group with identity , coordinatewise inverses, and homomorphic coordinate projections ↗. Until that result is used, this definition introduces only the set and its componentwise binary operation.
Depends on
Used by
- Composition factors do not determine the extension Counterexample
- For odd p, a direct product of two Heisenberg groups is special with centre of order p², hence not extraspecial Counterexample
- Elementary-divisor data for a finite abelian group Definition
- Internal direct products of finitely many normal subgroups Definition
- Invariant-factor data for a finite abelian group Definition
- The central product G∘_α H of two groups along an isomorphism of central subgroups Definition
- In Zp squared, topological generation is detected by the Frattini quotient coordinates Example
- The canonical surjection from a free product to the direct product of its factors Example
- The central product of two cyclic groups of order four along their subgroups of order two is abelian of order eight Example
- The finite Heisenberg group is the unique Sylow p-subgroup of its coordinate upper-triangular group Example
- The split extension C₂ × C₂ of C₂ by C₂ is direct Example
- The torsion-free reflection of the integers direct sum a finite cyclic group Example
- FALSE: every finite group is a direct product of cyclic prime-power groups False statement
- A direct product of two finite cyclic groups is cyclic if and only if their orders are coprime Lemma
- A product formula for the number of square roots of the identity in a central product of extraspecial 2-groups Lemma
- The identified subgroup used to form a central product is central, hence normal Lemma
- Order, centre and derived subgroup of a central product Proposition
- The canonical semidirect decomposition is an internal direct product if and only if the defining action is trivial Proposition
- The profinite completion of the integers is the direct product of the p-adic integer groups over all primes Proposition
- The two canonical maps into a central product are injective homomorphisms whose images commute, generate it, and meet in the identified centre Proposition
- Φ(P× Q)=Φ(P)×Φ(Q) for finite p-groups Proposition
- Every finite abelian group is the Galois group of some finite Galois extension of ℚ Theorem
- For prime p, |Aut((ℤ/p)×(ℤ/p))|=(p²-1)(p²-p) Theorem
- G× H is a group with identity (e_G,e_H), coordinatewise inverses, and homomorphic coordinate projections Theorem
- Homomorphisms out of a central product Theorem
- Internal central products are the images of external ones Theorem
- π₁(X× Y,(x₀,y₀))≅π₁(X,x₀)×π₁(Y,y₀) Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
6 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Sharifi, Abstract Algebra, direct products (standard reference, not scraped)