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DefinitionDefinition: AI-adaptedProof: Not applicablePipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-luna)
How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

Fixed-regularization periodic PIC pair kernel

Definition

Fix ε>0, d∈{1,2,3}, L>0, and a regularized one-species model with total charge Q and total mass M>0. Let c=Q/M. For each position y∈TLd, define the continuous unit-source field by taking the zero-mean solution ϕεy from Periodic PIC regularization gives a smooth compatible Poisson solution for μ=δy, and setting Eε(x,y)=∫TLdηε(z−x)(−∇ϕεy(z)) dz=1Ld∑k∈Zd∖{0}−iκk∣κk∣2(∏a=1dαε2∣ka∣)eiκk⋅(x−y). The series converges absolutely with all derivatives by geometric summability. For the grid branch, let ϕhy be the mean-zero solution of Ahϕhy=h−dwε,h(y)−L−d1 whose compatibility follows from Periodic PIC deposition conserves charge and satisfies Poisson compatibility, and put Eε,h(x,y)=∑j∈JNwjε,h(x)(−D0ϕhy)j. If z=(x,v) and z′=(y,w) are lifted phase-space states in R2d, the continuum and grid mean-field kernels are Kε(z,z′)=(v,cQ Eε(x,y)),Kε,h(z,z′)=(v,cQ Eε,h(x,y)). The spatial components are periodic in their position variables. A finite equal-weight system z˙p=P−1∑r=1PKε,h(zp,zr) uses particle charge Q/P and mass M/P. No claim about the limit ε→0 is part of this definition.

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