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Property (T) for finite groups via normalized counting measure
Example
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a finite group (Group and abelian group) with the discrete topology (The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies) and let . Its normalized counting measure (Counting measure on an arbitrary set, Counting measure is a measure) is its Haar probability measure (Normalized Haar probability on a compact group). Every is a Kazhdan pair (Kazhdan pairs, Kazhdan sets and Kazhdan constants) for , so has property (T) (Kazhdan's property (T)). For every strongly continuous unitary representation (Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners) on a Hilbert space (Hilbert space), the finite average is the orthogonal projection (The Hilbert orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace) onto the closed linear subspace (Linear subspace of a vector space) and in particular .
Verification
Given: AC, a finite group with its discrete topology, and a strongly continuous unitary representation on a complex Hilbert space .
[F1] A finite discrete group is a compact Hausdorff locally compact topological group. (Group and abelian group, The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies, Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison, The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, Topological group: multiplication and inversion are continuous, Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right, Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Locally compact topological space: every point has a compact neighbourhood; and what this says in a metric space)
[F11] Every subset of the discrete group is Borel, and its identity shows that it is nonempty and . (The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space, Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable)
[F2] Counting measure is a measure on the full power set. Every subset of the finite discrete space is open and compact, and left translation is a bijection; these facts verify the regularity and invariance conditions in the definitions of Radon and left Haar measure. (Counting measure on an arbitrary set, Counting measure is a measure, Measures on sigma-algebras, Radon measure on an LCH space, Left Haar integral and left Haar measure)
[F3] Under AC, a compact Hausdorff group has a unique normalized Haar probability. (The Axiom of Choice, Normalized Haar probability on a compact group)
[F4] Under AC, a compact Hausdorff group with normalized Haar probability has every as a Kazhdan pair for and has property (T). (Compact groups have property (T) by Haar averaging, Kazhdan pairs, Kazhdan sets and Kazhdan constants, Kazhdan's property (T))
[F5] Each is complex-linear and isometric, and the fixed vectors form a linear subspace. (Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners, Hilbert space, Linear subspace of a vector space)
[F6] The Hilbert inner product is linear in its first argument and conjugate-linear in its second. The complex inner product is recovered from the norm by the polarization identity, so every complex-linear norm isometry preserves inner products. (Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length, Jordan–von Neumann: a norm is induced by an inner product exactly when it satisfies the parallelogram law)
[F7] A continuous map has closed preimages of closed sets. The singleton is closed in the norm metric: for , the ball of radius around misses by the reverse triangle inequality. (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, The induced length is a norm, The reverse triangle inequality in a normed space, Hilbert space)
[F8] Since is a positive natural, is a well-defined positive real and complex scalar. (The reals form a totally ordered field, is a field, every element is uniquely , and every nonzero element has inverse )
[F9] Under Countable Choice, the orthogonal projection onto a closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space is characterized by its component in that subspace and its orthogonal residual, and it is contractive. AC implies Countable Choice. (The Axiom of Countable Choice (), AC implies DC implies countable choice, Linear subspace of a vector space, Orthogonality and the orthogonal complement, Orthogonal decomposition by a closed subspace, The Hilbert orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace, Hilbert projections are linear, self-adjoint and contractive)
[F10] Finite vector sums are unchanged under bijective reindexing; the maps and are bijections of the group. (Finite commutative-monoid sums are invariant under bijective reindexing, split over disjoint unions, and satisfy the finite Fubini rule, Group and abelian group)
Proof technique: Identify the normalized counting measure with Haar probability, apply the compact-group theorem, and compute the invariant-space projection by reindexing the finite sum.
The finite discrete space has a finite subcover for every open cover, since a choice of one covering set for each of its finitely many points gives a finite subcover; distinct points are separated by open singletons, and the compact whole group is a neighbourhood of each point. Singleton rectangles make the product topology on discrete, so multiplication and inversion are continuous; hence is a compact Hausdorff locally compact topological group by [F1]. Since , define for . By [F2] and positive rescaling it is a Borel measure on the discrete topology. Every subset is open and compact. If is Borel and is open with , finite additivity gives , and the open set attains this lower bound; if is open and is compact with , then , and attains this upper bound. Every compact set has finite measure. For each , left translation bijects and preserves cardinality, hence , while . Thus is a normalized left Haar probability; by uniqueness it is the normalized Haar probability of [F3].
Applying the compact-group theorem [F4] to and this proves that every with is a Kazhdan pair and that has property (T).
Let . It is a linear subspace because each is linear. For each , the map is continuous, since ; [F7] makes closed. Therefore is closed.
Define . For , by the bijective reindexing , so . If , then every summand in equals , whence .
For and , inner-product preservation gives because . Summing yields , so . Since is a closed linear subspace, [F9] identifies with its Hilbert orthogonal projection component; [F9] also gives .
The finite counting-measure verification and finite-sum projection computation are local. The external sources state the compact-group and finite-group property-(T) results but do not replace these calculations.
Depends on
- The induced length is a norm
- Normalized Haar probability on a compact group
- The Axiom of Choice
- The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Counting measure on an arbitrary set
- Group and abelian group
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
- The Hilbert orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace
- Hilbert space
- Kazhdan pairs, Kazhdan sets and Kazhdan constants
- Kazhdan's property (T)
- Left Haar integral and left Haar measure
- Linear subspace of a vector space
- Locally compact topological space: every point has a compact neighbourhood; and what this says in a metric space
- Measures on sigma-algebras
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Orthogonality and the orthogonal complement
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- Radon measure on an LCH space
- Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length
- The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies
- Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners
- Topological group: multiplication and inversion are continuous
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
- Finite commutative-monoid sums are invariant under bijective reindexing, split over disjoint unions, and satisfy the finite Fubini rule
- Hilbert projections are linear, self-adjoint and contractive
- The reverse triangle inequality in a normed space
- Counting measure is a measure
- AC implies DC implies countable choice
- Compact groups have property (T) by Haar averaging
- $\mathbb C=\mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$ is a field, every element is uniquely $a+bi$, and every nonzero element has inverse $(a-bi)/(a^2+b^2)$
- Jordan–von Neumann: a norm is induced by an inner product exactly when it satisfies the parallelogram law
- Orthogonal decomposition by a closed subspace
- The reals form a totally ordered field
Used by
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Sources
- Bachir Bekka, Pierre de la Harpe and Alain Valette, Kazhdan's Property (T), Cambridge University Press 2008; author-hosted complete text (standard reference, not scraped)
- Emmanuel Breuillard, PCMI Lecture Notes on Property (T), Expander Graphs and Approximate Groups (standard reference, not scraped)