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Property (T) for finite groups via normalized counting measure

Example

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let Γ be a finite group (Group and abelian group) with the discrete topology (The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies) and let m:=∣Γ∣. Its normalized counting measure μ(A):=∣A∣/m (Counting measure on an arbitrary set, Counting measure is a measure) is its Haar probability measure (Normalized Haar probability on a compact group). Every (Γ,ε) is a Kazhdan pair (Kazhdan pairs, Kazhdan sets and Kazhdan constants) for 0<ε≤1, so Γ has property (T) (Kazhdan's property (T)). For every strongly continuous unitary representation (Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners) π on a Hilbert space H (Hilbert space), the finite average Pξ:=1m∑g∈Γπ(g)ξ is the orthogonal projection (The Hilbert orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace) onto the closed linear subspace (Linear subspace of a vector space) HΓ:={ζ∈H:π(g)ζ=ζ for every g∈Γ}, and in particular ∥Pξ∥≤∥ξ∥.

Verification

Given: AC, a finite group Γ with its discrete topology, and a strongly continuous unitary representation π on a complex Hilbert space H.

[F11] Every subset of the discrete group is Borel, and its identity shows that it is nonempty and m=∣Γ∣≥1. (The Borel sigma-algebra of a topological space, Finite, countably infinite, countable, uncountable)

[F2] Counting measure is a measure on the full power set. Every subset of the finite discrete space is open and compact, and left translation is a bijection; these facts verify the regularity and invariance conditions in the definitions of Radon and left Haar measure. (Counting measure on an arbitrary set, Counting measure is a measure, Measures on sigma-algebras, Radon measure on an LCH space, Left Haar integral and left Haar measure)

[F3] Under AC, a compact Hausdorff group has a unique normalized Haar probability. (The Axiom of Choice, Normalized Haar probability on a compact group)

[F4] Under AC, a compact Hausdorff group with normalized Haar probability has every (K,ε) as a Kazhdan pair for 0<ε≤1 and has property (T). (Compact groups have property (T) by Haar averaging, Kazhdan pairs, Kazhdan sets and Kazhdan constants, Kazhdan's property (T))

[F5] Each π(g) is complex-linear and isometric, and the fixed vectors form a linear subspace. (Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners, Hilbert space, Linear subspace of a vector space)

[F6] The Hilbert inner product is linear in its first argument and conjugate-linear in its second. The complex inner product is recovered from the norm by the polarization identity, so every complex-linear norm isometry preserves inner products. (Real and complex inner-product spaces and their induced length, Jordan–von Neumann: a norm is induced by an inner product exactly when it satisfies the parallelogram law)

[F9] Under Countable Choice, the orthogonal projection onto a closed linear subspace of a Hilbert space is characterized by its component in that subspace and its orthogonal residual, and it is contractive. AC implies Countable Choice. (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω), AC implies DC implies countable choice, Linear subspace of a vector space, Orthogonality and the orthogonal complement, Orthogonal decomposition by a closed subspace, The Hilbert orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace, Hilbert projections are linear, self-adjoint and contractive)

[F10] Finite vector sums are unchanged under bijective reindexing; the maps g↦hg and g↦g−1 are bijections of the group. (Finite commutative-monoid sums are invariant under bijective reindexing, split over disjoint unions, and satisfy the finite Fubini rule, Group and abelian group)

Proof technique: Identify the normalized counting measure with Haar probability, apply the compact-group theorem, and compute the invariant-space projection by reindexing the finite sum.

1.1F1F2F3F8F11algebra

The finite discrete space has a finite subcover for every open cover, since a choice of one covering set for each of its finitely many points gives a finite subcover; distinct points are separated by open singletons, and the compact whole group is a neighbourhood of each point. Singleton rectangles make the product topology on Γ×Γ discrete, so multiplication and inversion are continuous; hence Γ is a compact Hausdorff locally compact topological group by [F1]. Since m≥1, define μ(A):=∣A∣/m for A⊆Γ. By [F2] and positive rescaling it is a Borel measure on the discrete topology. Every subset is open and compact. If E is Borel and V is open with E⊆V, finite additivity gives μ(V)=μ(E)+μ(V∖E)≥μ(E), and the open set V=E attains this lower bound; if U is open and K is compact with K⊆U, then μ(U)=μ(K)+μ(U∖K)≥μ(K), and K=U attains this upper bound. Every compact set has finite measure. For each h∈Γ, left translation g↦hg bijects Γ and preserves cardinality, hence μ(hA)=μ(A), while μ(Γ)=m/m=1. Thus μ is a normalized left Haar probability; by uniqueness it is the normalized Haar probability of [F3].

1.2F1F4

Applying the compact-group theorem [F4] to Γ and this μ proves that every (Γ,ε) with 0<ε≤1 is a Kazhdan pair and that Γ has property (T).

1.3F5F7algebra

Let M:=HΓ. It is a linear subspace because each π(g) is linear. For each g, the map Tg(ξ):=π(g)ξ−ξ is continuous, since ∥Tg(ξ)−Tg(η)∥≤2∥ξ−η∥; [F7] makes ker⁡Tg=Tg−1({0}) closed. Therefore M=⋂g∈Γker⁡Tg is closed.

2.1F5F8F10step 1.3algebra

Define Pξ:=m−1∑g∈Γπ(g)ξ. For h∈Γ, π(h)Pξ=m−1∑gπ(hg)ξ=Pξ by the bijective reindexing g↦hg, so Pξ∈M. If ζ∈M, then every summand in Pζ equals ζ, whence Pζ=ζ.

3.1F5F6F8F9F10step 1.3step 2.1algebra∎

For ξ∈H and ζ∈M, inner-product preservation gives ⟨π(g)ξ,ζ⟩=⟨ξ,π(g−1)ζ⟩=⟨ξ,ζ⟩ because π(g−1)ζ=ζ. Summing yields ⟨Pξ,ζ⟩=⟨ξ,ζ⟩, so ξ−Pξ∈M⊥. Since M is a closed linear subspace, [F9] identifies Pξ with its Hilbert orthogonal projection component; [F9] also gives ∥Pξ∥≤∥ξ∥.

The finite counting-measure verification and finite-sum projection computation are local. The external sources state the compact-group and finite-group property-(T) results but do not replace these calculations.

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