Alphabeta Math
LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedprecheck passaudited 2026-07-31
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Finite commutative-monoid sums are invariant under bijective reindexing, split over disjoint unions, and satisfy the finite Fubini rule

Statement

Let (M,+,0) be a commutative monoid and let all index sets below be finite.

  1. If h:T→S is a bijection and a:S→M, then ∑t∈Tah(t)=∑s∈Sas.
  2. If S and T are disjoint and a:S∪T→M, then ∑u∈S∪Tau=∑s∈Sas+∑t∈Tat.
  3. If a:S×T→M, then ∑(s,t)∈S×Tas,t=∑s∈S(∑t∈Tas,t)=∑t∈T(∑s∈Sas,t).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A commutative monoid (M,+,0), finite sets S,T, and functions and a bijection as in the Statement.

[F1]

A finite commutative-monoid sum is obtained from any enumeration of its finite index set, and its value is independent of that enumeration (A finite sum in a commutative monoid indexed by an arbitrary finite set).

[L1]

A finite monoid product splits at a cut, may be regrouped into consecutive blocks, and in a commutative monoid is invariant under permutations (Generalised associativity: in a monoid the product of a finite list does not depend on the bracketing, and in a commutative monoid it does not depend on the order of the factors either).

[L2]

A finite family of pairwise disjoint finite sets has finite union, and its cardinality is the sum of the cardinalities; in particular, ∣S∪T∣=∣S∣+∣T∣ when S and T are disjoint (The sum rule: a finite disjoint union is finite with ∣A∪B∣=∣A∣+∣B∣ and ∣⋃i∈IAi∣=∑i∈I∣Ai∣, and a sum over a finite index set splits along a partition).

[L3]

A Cartesian product of finite sets is finite with ∣S×T∣=∣S∣∣T∣ (The product rule: ∣A×B∣=∣A∣ ∣B∣, and ∣∏i<mAi∣=∏i<m∣Ai∣).

[F2]

Composites and inverses of bijections are bijections (Injection, surjection, bijection).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

For clause 1, choose an enumeration ϕ:∣T∣→T. Then h∘ϕ enumerates S, and [F1] gives ∑t∈Tah(t)=∑k<∣T∣ah(ϕ(k))=∑s∈Sas.

F1F2
1.2

For clause 2, choose enumerations of S and T and concatenate them. By [L2] this gives an enumeration of S∪T of length ∣S∣+∣T∣, and the splitting law in [L1] turns the resulting finite sum into the sum over S followed by the sum over T.

F1L1L2
1.3

For clause 3, choose enumerations ϕ:∣S∣→S and ψ:∣T∣→T. The disjoint slices {ϕ(i)}×T cover S×T; concatenate their ψ-enumerations in the order of i. By [L2] and [L3] this is an enumeration of S×T, and regrouping it into the ∣S∣ consecutive slices gives ∑(s,t)∈S×Tas,t=∑s∈S(∑t∈Tas,t).

F1L1L2L3
2.1

The column-major list also enumerates S×T, and permutation invariance followed by regrouping into columns gives ∑(s,t)∈S×Tas,t=∑t∈T(∑s∈Sas,t).

step 1.3F1L1L3
3.1

Steps 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.1 prove reindexing, disjoint splitting and both finite Fubini equalities.

step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 2.1∎

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