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LemmaStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passaudited 2026-07-31
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Finite commutative-monoid sums are invariant under bijective reindexing, split over disjoint unions, and satisfy the finite Fubini rule

Statement

Let (M,+,0)(M,+,0) be a commutative monoid and let all index sets below be finite.

  1. If h:TSh:T\to S is a bijection and a:SMa:S\to M, then tTah(t)=sSas\sum_{t\in T}a_{h(t)}=\sum_{s\in S}a_s.
  2. If SS and TT are disjoint and a:STMa:S\cup T\to M, then uSTau=sSas+tTat\sum_{u\in S\cup T}a_u=\sum_{s\in S}a_s+\sum_{t\in T}a_t.
  3. If a:S×TMa:S\times T\to M, then (s,t)S×Tas,t=sS(tTas,t)=tT(sSas,t).\sum_{(s,t)\in S\times T}a_{s,t}=\sum_{s\in S}\left(\sum_{t\in T}a_{s,t}\right)=\sum_{t\in T}\left(\sum_{s\in S}a_{s,t}\right).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A commutative monoid (M,+,0)(M,+,0), finite sets S,TS,T, and functions and a bijection as in the Statement.

[F1]

A finite commutative-monoid sum is obtained from any enumeration of its finite index set, and its value is independent of that enumeration (A finite sum in a commutative monoid indexed by an arbitrary finite set).

[L1]

A finite monoid product splits at a cut, may be regrouped into consecutive blocks, and in a commutative monoid is invariant under permutations (Generalised associativity: in a monoid the product of a finite list does not depend on the bracketing, and in a commutative monoid it does not depend on the order of the factors either).

[F2]

Composites and inverses of bijections are bijections (Injection, surjection, bijection).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

For clause 1, choose an enumeration ϕ:TT\phi:|T|\to T. Then hϕh\circ\phi enumerates SS, and [F1] gives tTah(t)=k<Tah(ϕ(k))=sSas\sum_{t\in T}a_{h(t)}=\sum_{k<|T|}a_{h(\phi(k))}=\sum_{s\in S}a_s.

F1F2
1.2

For clause 2, choose enumerations of SS and TT and concatenate them. By [L2] this gives an enumeration of STS\cup T of length S+T|S|+|T|, and the splitting law in [L1] turns the resulting finite sum into the sum over SS followed by the sum over TT.

F1L1L2
1.3

For clause 3, choose enumerations ϕ:SS\phi:|S|\to S and ψ:TT\psi:|T|\to T. The disjoint slices {ϕ(i)}×T\{\phi(i)\}\times T cover S×TS\times T; concatenate their ψ\psi-enumerations in the order of ii. By [L2] and [L3] this is an enumeration of S×TS\times T, and regrouping it into the S|S| consecutive slices gives (s,t)S×Tas,t=sS(tTas,t)\sum_{(s,t)\in S\times T}a_{s,t}=\sum_{s\in S}(\sum_{t\in T}a_{s,t}).

F1L1L2L3
2.1

The column-major list also enumerates S×TS\times T, and permutation invariance followed by regrouping into columns gives (s,t)S×Tas,t=tT(sSas,t)\sum_{(s,t)\in S\times T}a_{s,t}=\sum_{t\in T}(\sum_{s\in S}a_{s,t}).

step 1.3F1L1L3
3.1

Steps 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 2.1 prove reindexing, disjoint splitting and both finite Fubini equalities.

step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 2.1

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