ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-adaptedprecheck passjudge pass (z-ai/glm-5.2)audited 2026-07-26

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A positive sequence making all three inequalities of the ratio-to-root chain strict

Example

Let $(s_{k})$ be the alternating sequence of The even and odd index maps and the alternating sequence: strictly increasing $e, o$ with $N$ their disjoint union, and the unique $(s_{k})$ with $s_{0} = 1$ , $s_{σ (k)} = - s_{k}$ , which satisfies $∣ s_{k} ∣ = 1$ , $s \circ e \equiv 1$ and $s \circ o \equiv - 1$ and define

$a_{k} : = 2^{- k} when s_{k} = 1, a_{k} : = 3^{- k} when s_{k} = - 1.$

This interleaves the two geometric sequences $2^{- k}$ and $3^{- k}$ , taking the first at even indices and the second at odd ones. With $q_{k} : = a_{k + 1} / a_{k}$ and $r_{k} : = a_{k + 1}^{1 / (k + 1)}$ as in For $a_{k} > 0$ : $lim inf a_{k + 1} / a_{k} \leq lim inf a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k + 1} / a_{k}$ ,

${lim inf}_{k} q_{k} = 0, {lim inf}_{k} r_{k} = \frac{1}{3}, {lim sup}_{k} r_{k} = \frac{1}{2}, {lim sup}_{k} q_{k} = + \infty,$

so the chain of that theorem reads

$0 < \frac{1}{3} < \frac{1}{2} < + \infty$

with all three inequalities strict.

Where each comparison lives. The first two, $0 < 1 / 3$ and $1 / 3 < 1 / 2$ , are comparisons of real numbers and hold in $R$ ; they hold in $\overline{R}$ as well only because the extended order restricts on $R$ to the order of $R$ (The extended real line $\overline{R} = R \cup {- \infty, + \infty}$ , its order, and the arithmetic that is left undefined). The third, $1 / 2 < + \infty$ , is not a comparison in $R$ at all: $+ \infty$ is not a real number, and the inequality is the instance of "every real is below the greatest element" in $\overline{R}$ . So the outer two values of the chain are of different kinds here, and only the extended line can hold all four at once.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The alternating sequence $(s_{k})$ with index maps $e, o$ (The even and odd index maps and the alternating sequence: strictly increasing $e, o$ with $N$ their disjoint union, and the unique $(s_{k})$ with $s_{0} = 1$ , $s_{σ (k)} = - s_{k}$ , which satisfies $∣ s_{k} ∣ = 1$ , $s \circ e \equiv 1$ and $s \circ o \equiv - 1$ ); the sequence $a_{k}$ defined above; the ratios $q_{k} = a_{k + 1} / a_{k}$ ; and the roots $r_{k} = a_{k + 1}^{1 / (k + 1)}$ .

[L1]

The alternating sequence: $∣ s_{k} ∣ = 1$ , $s_{k + 1} = - s_{k}$ , $s_{e_{j}} = 1$ , $s_{o_{j}} = - 1$ , with $e$ , $o$ strictly increasing, so $e_{j} \geq j$ and $o_{j} \geq j$ ; also $o_{0} = σ (0) \geq 1$ (The even and odd index maps and the alternating sequence: strictly increasing $e, o$ with $N$ their disjoint union, and the unique $(s_{k})$ with $s_{0} = 1$ , $s_{σ (k)} = - s_{k}$ , which satisfies $∣ s_{k} ∣ = 1$ , $s \circ e \equiv 1$ and $s \circ o \equiv - 1$ , A strictly increasing index map satisfies $n_{k} \geq k$ ).

[L2]

Limit superior and limit inferior in $\overline{R}$ : existence for every sequence, the tail supremum being the least upper bound of the tail range and the tail infimum its greatest lower bound (Limit superior and limit inferior of a real sequence as $\inf_{n} \sup_{k \geq n} x_{k}$ and $\sup_{n} \inf_{k \geq n} x_{k}$ in $\overline{R}$ , The tail suprema of any real sequence are nonincreasing in $\overline{R}$ , so the limit superior exists for every sequence, Every subset of $\overline{R}$ has a least upper bound and a greatest lower bound in $\overline{R}$ , agreeing with the real supremum and infimum on nonempty sets bounded in $R$ , Upper bound, least upper bound, and strict upper bound, Partial order and partially ordered set, Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences).

[L3]

The order on $\overline{R}$ is total, $+ \infty$ is greatest, every real is $< + \infty$ , and the order restricts on $R$ to the order of $R$ (The extended real line $\overline{R} = R \cup {- \infty, + \infty}$ , its order, and the arithmetic that is left undefined).

[L4]

Powers: $2^{- k} = (1 / 2)^{k}$ and $3^{- k} = (1 / 3)^{k}$ ; $x^{m} x^{m^{'}} = x^{m + m^{'}}$ and $(x y)^{m} = x^{m} y^{m}$ for integer exponents and nonzero bases; $x^{m} > 0$ for $x > 0$ ; $(x^{- n})^{1 / n} = x^{- 1}$ for $x > 0$ and $n \geq 1$ (Integer powers $a^{m}$ , Laws of integer exponents, Rational powers $a^{r}$ of a positive base, Laws of rational exponents, Existence and uniqueness of $n$ -th roots: a unique $a^{1 / n} \geq 0$ with $(a^{1 / n})^{n} = a$ ).

[L5]

Geometric sequences: $∣ ρ ∣ < 1$ implies $ρ^{k} \to 0$ , and $∣ ρ ∣ > 1$ implies $∣ ρ ∣^{k} \to + \infty$ (For $∣ r ∣ < 1$ the sequence $r^{k}$ is null, and for $∣ r ∣ > 1$ the sequence $∣ r ∣^{k}$ diverges to $+ \infty$ , Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals, Divergence to $+ \infty$ and to $- \infty$ ).

[L6]

Order arithmetic: $0 < 1$ , so $0 < 1 / 3 < 1 / 2 < 1 < 2 < 3$ ; multiplying an inequality by a positive element preserves it; reciprocals reverse the order; the order is total; $∣ t ∣ = 1$ forces $t = 1$ or $t = - 1$ (The multiplicative identity is positive, Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities, Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication, Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order, Basic properties of the absolute value, Absolute value in an ordered field, Ordered field, Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)).

[L7]

The order on $N$ is total, so any two indices have a common upper bound (Order on the natural numbers, $\leq$ is a linear order on $N$ ).

[L8]

The chain ${lim inf}_{k} q_{k} \leq {lim inf}_{k} r_{k} \leq {lim sup}_{k} r_{k} \leq {lim sup}_{k} q_{k}$ (For $a_{k} > 0$ : $lim inf a_{k + 1} / a_{k} \leq lim inf a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k + 1} / a_{k}$ ).

Verification

technique · direct

1.1

Each $s_{k}$ is $1$ or $- 1$ , so $a_{k}$ is well defined, and $a_{k} > 0$ for every $k$ since positive powers of positive bases are positive.

givenL1L4L6

1.2

For every $n \in N$ there are indices $k, k^{'} \geq n$ with $s_{k} = 1$ and $s_{k^{'}} = - 1$ , namely $k = e_{n}$ and $k^{'} = o_{n}$ ; and there are indices $l, l^{'} \geq n$ with $s_{l + 1} = 1$ and $s_{l^{'} + 1} = - 1$ , namely $l = e_{j} - 1$ and $l^{'} = o_{j} - 1$ for any $j \geq n + 1$ , these being natural numbers because $e_{j} \geq j \geq 1$ and $o_{j} \geq j \geq 1$ , and satisfying $l \geq j - 1 \geq n$ and $l^{'} \geq j - 1 \geq n$ .

givenL1L7

1.3

Since $s_{k + 1} = - s_{k}$ , the ratios are $q_{k} = 3^{- (k + 1)} / 2^{- k} = 3^{- 1} (2 / 3)^{k}$ when $s_{k} = 1$ , and $q_{k} = 2^{- (k + 1)} / 3^{- k} = 2^{- 1} (3 / 2)^{k}$ when $s_{k} = - 1$ ; in both cases $q_{k} > 0$ .

givenL1L4L6

1.4

Likewise the roots are $r_{k} = (2^{- (k + 1)})^{1 / (k + 1)} = 2^{- 1}$ when $s_{k + 1} = 1$ , and $r_{k} = (3^{- (k + 1)})^{1 / (k + 1)} = 3^{- 1}$ when $s_{k + 1} = - 1$ .

givenL1L4

2.1

By steps 1.2 and 1.4 the tail range of $(r_{k})$ at every index $n$ is exactly ${1 / 2, 1 / 3}$ , whose least upper bound is $1 / 2$ and greatest lower bound $1 / 3$ , since $1 / 3 < 1 / 2$ and both belong to the set. Hence ${lim sup}_{k} r_{k} = 1 / 2$ and ${lim inf}_{k} r_{k} = 1 / 3$ .

step 1.2step 1.4L2L3L6

2.2

${lim sup}_{k} q_{k} = + \infty$ . Fix $n$ and a real $M$ . Since $∣ 3 / 2 ∣ > 1$ , the sequence $(3 / 2)^{k}$ diverges to $+ \infty$ , so there is $K$ with $2^{- 1} (3 / 2)^{k} > M$ for all $k \geq K$ ; taking $j$ at least as large as both $n$ and $K$ and putting $k : = o_{j}$ , we get $k \geq j \geq n$ and $s_{k} = - 1$ , hence $q_{k} = 2^{- 1} (3 / 2)^{k} > M$ . So no real bounds the tail range of $(q_{k})$ above, its least upper bound in $\overline{R}$ is $+ \infty$ for every $n$ , and ${lim sup}_{k} q_{k}$ is the greatest lower bound of ${+ \infty}$ , namely $+ \infty$ .

step 1.2step 1.3L2L3L5L6L7

2.3

${lim inf}_{k} q_{k} = 0$ . Fix $n$ . All $q_{k}$ are positive, so $0$ is a lower bound of the tail range. If $ℓ > 0$ were a lower bound, then, since $∣ 2 / 3 ∣ < 1$ gives $(2 / 3)^{k} \to 0$ and hence $3^{- 1} (2 / 3)^{k} < ℓ$ for all $k \geq K$ for some $K$ , taking $j$ at least as large as both $n$ and $K$ and putting $k : = e_{j}$ would give $k \geq j \geq n$ , $s_{k} = 1$ and $q_{k} = 3^{- 1} (2 / 3)^{k} < ℓ$ , contradicting that $ℓ$ is a lower bound. So every lower bound is $\leq 0$ and the greatest lower bound of each tail range is $0$ ; hence ${lim inf}_{k} q_{k}$ is the least upper bound of ${0}$ , namely $0$ .

step 1.2step 1.3L2L3L5L6L7

3.1

Collecting the four values, the chain [L8] reads $0 \leq 1 / 3 \leq 1 / 2 \leq + \infty$ , and each inequality is strict: $0 < 1 / 3$ and $1 / 3 < 1 / 2$ hold in $R$ and therefore in $\overline{R}$ , while $1 / 2 < + \infty$ holds because $+ \infty$ is the greatest element of $\overline{R}$ and is distinct from every real. So no two of the four quantities coincide.

step 2.1step 2.2step 2.3L3L6L8∎

Remarks

Why interleaving two different geometric sequences does it. Each root is determined by the base used at a single index, so the root sequence takes only the two values $1 / 2$ and $1 / 3$ , and its limit superior and limit inferior are those two numbers. Each ratio, by contrast, compares two different bases at consecutive indices, so it contains a factor $(2 / 3)^{k}$ or $(3 / 2)^{k}$ and runs to $0$ on one subsequence and to $+ \infty$ on the other. Widening the gap between the two bases widens the outer two values without moving the inner two.
Compare $a_{k} = 2^{- k + (- 1)^{k}}$ has $lim inf a_{k + 1} / a_{k} = 1 / 8$ , $lim sup a_{k + 1} / a_{k} = 2$ and $\lim a_{k}^{1 / k} = 1 / 2$ . There the roots converge, so the middle inequality is an equality and only the outer two are strict. Here all three are strict, which is the most that For $a_{k} > 0$ : $lim inf a_{k + 1} / a_{k} \leq lim inf a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k}^{1 / k} \leq lim sup a_{k + 1} / a_{k}$ permits.
Both outer values are attained by the ratios in the extreme sense. The ratio sequence has $lim inf = 0$ and $lim sup = + \infty$ , so the ratio data place no restriction whatever on the roots beyond the chain, and the chain is therefore the sharpest general statement relating the two.

Depends on

Used by

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Sources

Root test (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
Ratio test (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 3 (3.37) (standard reference, not scraped)
N. Donaldson, Math 140A: Real Analysis notes (standard reference, not scraped)