LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (z-ai/glm-5.2)audited 2026-07-27

How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

Literature-sourced — the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
AI-adapted — a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
AI-generated — a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

If $\sum |a_k|$ converges then $\sum a_k$ converges

Statement

Let $(a_k)$ be a sequence of reals. If the series $\sum |a_k|$ converges (Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series) then the series $\sum a_k$ converges.

A series with the property that $\sum |a_k|$ converges is called absolutely convergent; the lemma says that absolute convergence implies convergence.

The same statement holds for a family from a general starting index $m$ , being this statement applied to the shifted sequence $j \mapsto a_{j+m}$ (Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series).

The converse is false, and the standard witness is the alternating harmonic series. That witness is not available on this page: its convergence is the alternating series test, which is not proved here. Nothing below asserts a converse, and no item on this page uses one.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A sequence $(a_k)$ of reals such that the series $\sum |a_k|$ converges, with partial sums as in Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series and finite sums as in Finite sums and finite products, by recursion.

[L1]

The Cauchy criterion for series: $\sum d_k$ converges if and only if for every real $\varepsilon > 0$ there is $N \in \mathbb{N}$ with $\big|\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} d_k\big| < \varepsilon$ for all $n > p \ge N$ (A series converges iff for every $\varepsilon > 0$ there is $N$ with $|a_{m+1} + \dots + a_n| < \varepsilon$ for all $n > m \ge N$ , Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series).

[L2]

Triangle inequality for finite sums: $\big|\sum_{k<d} u_k\big| \le \sum_{k<d}|u_k|$ (Triangle inequality for finite sums); the block $\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} u_k$ is by definition the finite sum $\sum_{t < n-p} u_{p+1+t}$ (Finite sums and finite products, by recursion), so applying the inequality to the shifted sequence $t \mapsto u_{p+1+t}$ gives $\big|\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} u_k\big| \le \sum_{k=p+1}^{n} |u_k|$ for all naturals $n > p$ .

[L3]

Monotonicity of finite sums: if $x_t \ge 0$ for all $t < d$ then $\sum_{t<d} x_t \ge 0$ (Laws of finite sums and finite products).

[L4]

Absolute value: $|u| \ge 0$ for every real $u$ , and $|u| = u$ whenever $u \ge 0$ (Basic properties of the absolute value).

[L5]

Convergence of a real sequence, and the fact that the real and rational formulations of a tolerance agree (Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals).

Proof

technique · direct

1.1

Let $\varepsilon > 0$ be an arbitrary real; since $\sum |a_k|$ converges, the Cauchy criterion applied to the sequence $(|a_k|)$ supplies $N \in \mathbb{N}$ with $\big|\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} |a_k|\big| < \varepsilon$ for all $n > p \ge N$ .

L1L5choose

1.2

For all naturals $n > p$ the block $\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} |a_k|$ is a finite sum of nonnegative terms, hence nonnegative, hence equal to its own absolute value.

L2L3L4

2.1

So for all $n > p \ge N$ one has $\big|\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} a_k\big| \le \sum_{k=p+1}^{n} |a_k| = \big|\sum_{k=p+1}^{n} |a_k|\big| < \varepsilon$ .

step 1.1step 1.2L2

3.1

As $\varepsilon > 0$ was arbitrary, the sequence $(a_k)$ satisfies the Cauchy criterion, so $\sum a_k$ converges.

step 2.1L1∎

Remarks

Nothing here identifies the two sums, and they are in general different. What is proved is that the second series converges, not that it converges to the same value; the bound $\big|\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a_k\big| \le \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}|a_k|$ is true and is not needed anywhere on this page, so it is not proved here.
Why the Cauchy criterion is the right instrument. The terms have no sign, so A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum does not apply to $\sum a_k$ and boundedness of its partial sums would prove nothing. The Cauchy criterion is the one convergence test on this page that never names a candidate sum and never asks for a sign, and the whole proof is the observation that its hypothesis for $(|a_k|)$ implies its hypothesis for $(a_k)$ , term by term, through one application of the finite triangle inequality.
What this unlocks on this page. The root test (Root test: $\limsup |a_k|^{1/k} < 1$ gives absolute convergence and hence convergence, $> 1$ gives divergence, and $= 1$ decides nothing) and the ratio test (Ratio test: $\limsup |a_{k+1}/a_k| < 1$ gives absolute convergence and hence convergence, and $\liminf |a_{k+1}/a_k| > 1$ gives divergence) each produce convergence of $\sum |a_k|$ directly, by comparison with a geometric series; with this lemma both reach their standard conclusion, the convergence of $\sum a_k$ itself. Without it their convergence halves would be strictly weaker than the classical statements.
The systematic theory is elsewhere. Rearrangement, the Riemann series theorem, conditional convergence and products of series all belong with absolute convergence and are developed on a later page of this track. This lemma is only the one implication those two tests need.

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · next 3 levels

Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 52 results over 12 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.

Sources

Absolute convergence (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 3 (3.45) (standard reference, not scraped)
T. Tao, Analysis I, 3rd ed., §7.2 (standard reference, not scraped)
John K. Hunter, An Introduction to Real Analysis (standard reference, not scraped)
Stephen Semmes, Elements of Analysis (standard reference, not scraped)

If ∑∣ak∣\sum |a_k|∑∣ak​∣ converges then ∑ak\sum a_k∑ak​ converges