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An irreducible plane curve gives a connected punctured covering
Statement
Let be a Weierstrass polynomial of degree in the variable (Weierstrass polynomials in the last variable), so that
and assume that is reduced (Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface) and irreducible in . Then there is such that, writing , the zero set is a connected -sheeted unramified covering of ; moreover every zero tends to the origin over the base point:
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A reduced irreducible Weierstrass polynomial of degree in .
is monic of degree in with coefficients in vanishing at the origin, so and is regular in of order (Weierstrass polynomials in the last variable).
For any , after shrinking the coefficient disc one has for , since all . If , then , so . Thus every root of every slice over lies in ; this estimate uses only [F1].
Since itself is a reduced prepared polynomial, is a nonzero germ (Reduced preparation has nonzero discriminant). For , exactly when the slice has a repeated root (The discriminant is and vanishes exactly when a monic polynomial has a repeated root). On a root-containing representative this is the branch set of the fixed projection, as in Discriminant and branch set of a fixed Weierstrass projection.
A monic polynomial of degree over has exactly roots counted with multiplicity; hence for with the slice has exactly distinct roots, all of them simple (A complex polynomial of degree has exactly roots counted with multiplicity, The discriminant is and vanishes exactly when a monic polynomial has a repeated root).
A nonzero holomorphic germ of one variable has finite order: either it is a unit or it equals with and a unit; consequently its zeros near are isolated, and only can be a zero of the germ (The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization).
If and is a simple root of , then near the zero set of is the graph of the unique holomorphic function with and , by the implicit function theorem applied to (The holomorphic implicit function theorem).
A holomorphic function on a punctured disc that is bounded extends holomorphically across the puncture (Characterizations of removable singularities).
A holomorphic function on a connected open set in several variables that vanishes on a nonempty open subset vanishes identically (A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically).
If with and Weierstrass polynomials of positive degree, then this gives a nontrivial factorization in ; this is the implication needed below (Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations).
A covering map has fibres whose points lie in pairwise disjoint sheets, each mapped homeomorphically onto the same evenly covered open set (Covering maps, evenly covered neighbourhoods, fibres, sheets, and trivial coverings).
Proof technique: contradiction — separate the covering into two open-and-closed parts, form the monic product of the roots in one part, and read a nontrivial Weierstrass factorisation of .
Proof
Choose a disc and radius as in [F2], and shrink to so that on its punctured part , using [F3] and [F5]. By [F4] each slice over has exactly distinct simple roots, all in by [F2]. At any base point [F6] supplies a holomorphic graph through each root. Intersect the finitely many base neighbourhoods and shrink until these graphs stay in and are pairwise disjoint. They exhaust each fibre, since a degree- polynomial has at most roots by [F4]. Thus they give an evenly covered neighbourhood with holomorphic sheets. This proves directly, in the fixed coordinates, that is an -sheeted unramified covering.
Every zero over lies in by step 1.1. Let be any sequence of zeros of the chosen representative with , allowing ; for all sufficiently large , , and when one has by [F1]. Thus the tail of lies in the closed disc . For any convergent subsequence , continuity of the polynomial on a neighbourhood of gives , so [F1] gives and , even if the limit was initially allowed to lie on . If did not tend to , a subsequence bounded away from would have a convergent subsequence in with nonzero limit, a contradiction. Hence .
Suppose for contradiction that the total space is disconnected, so that with nonempty, open and closed in .
The function is locally constant on : if is a disc over which the covering trivialises with sheets , then each is connected by [F10], and is open and closed in because is open and closed in ; hence or for each , so is constant on . As is connected, is constant, say for all , and because and are nonempty.
On such a disc the sheets of are graphs of holomorphic functions by [F6]; define on , where is the set of sheets contained in , so is monic of degree in with holomorphic coefficients on . For two discs the definitions agree on , because at each both are the monic degree- polynomial in whose roots are the distinct points of over by [F3] and [F4]; hence is a well-defined holomorphic function on , monic of degree in . Defining in the same way from , we get a monic holomorphic function of degree on with .
For every , the two monic polynomials and in have the same distinct roots, hence are equal; therefore on .
The coefficients of and are, up to sign, the elementary symmetric functions of the corresponding root values; by step 1.1 all roots lie in the bounded disc , so every coefficient is a bounded holomorphic function on the punctured disc , and [F7] extends each coefficient holomorphically across the puncture.
The extended coefficients of and vanish at : the roots of and of all tend to as by step 2.1, and the elementary symmetric functions are continuous in the roots, so each coefficient has limit . Hence the extensions are Weierstrass polynomials of degrees and .
The functions are holomorphic on the polydisc and satisfy on the nonempty open subset , so by [F8] the identity holds on ; hence in with Weierstrass polynomials of positive degree.
Step 8.1 gives a factorization of into positive-degree Weierstrass polynomials. The implication recorded in [F9] makes this a nontrivial germ factorization, contradicting the assumed irreducibility of ; therefore is connected.
By step 1.1 the local covering from step 9.1 is the full zero set ; it is connected and -sheeted, unramified by step 1.1, and every sequence of its zeros whose base coordinates tend to has fibre coordinates tending to by step 2.1.
Depends on
- Covering maps, evenly covered neighbourhoods, fibres, sheets, and trivial coverings
- Discriminant and branch set of a fixed Weierstrass projection
- Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface
- Weierstrass polynomials in the last variable
- Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations
- Reduced preparation has nonzero discriminant
- A complex polynomial of degree $n$ has exactly $n$ roots counted with multiplicity
- The discriminant is $\prod_{i<j}(\alpha_i-\alpha_j)^2$ and vanishes exactly when a monic polynomial has a repeated root
- The holomorphic implicit function theorem
- A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically
- Characterizations of removable singularities
- The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization
Used by
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Sources
- Jiří Lebl, Tasty Bits of Several Complex Variables, Chapter 6 §§6.1–6.7 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Jean-Pierre Demailly, Complex Analytic and Differential Geometry, Chapter II §§2, 4 and 6 (standard reference, not scraped)