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The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization

Statement

Let f be holomorphic on a neighbourhood of a. A holomorphic function has finite order m at a if and only if, on some neighbourhood of a, it has the form f(z)=(za)mg(z) with g holomorphic and g(a)0.

Moreover, orda(f)=+ if and only if f vanishes on a neighbourhood of a.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A function f holomorphic on a neighbourhood of a.

[L1]

The order orda(f) is the least natural n for which the nth Taylor coefficient is nonzero, and is + when every Taylor coefficient is zero (The order of a zero of a holomorphic function).

[L2]

Every holomorphic function equals its Taylor series throughout the largest centred open disc contained in its domain (A holomorphic function equals its Taylor series throughout the largest centred disc in its domain).

[L3]

Every function analytic on an open subset of C is holomorphic there (Every complex analytic function is holomorphic).

[L4]

A complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).

[L5]

A convergent complex power-series representation has uniquely determined coefficients, equal to the derivatives at its centre divided by the corresponding factorials (The coefficients of a complex power series are its derivatives at the centre divided by the corresponding factorials).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, suppose orda(f)=m<+ and write the Taylor expansion from [L2] as f(z)=n0cn(za)n; [L1] gives c0==cm1=0 and cm0, so formally f(z)=(za)mk0cm+k(za)k.

L1L2
1.2

For the factorization-to-finite-order direction, suppose f(z)=(za)mg(z) locally with g holomorphic and g(a)0; expanding g(z)=k0bk(za)k by [L2] gives b0=g(a)0. Multiplication by (za)m gives a convergent power-series representation of f whose coefficients below degree m vanish and whose degree-m coefficient is b0; [L5] identifies these with the Taylor coefficients of f, so [L1] gives orda(f)=m.

L1L2L5algebra
2.1

For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, define g(z)=k0cm+k(za)k on the Taylor disc: at z=a the series has value cm, and away from a its absolute convergence follows by dividing the absolutely convergent tail of the series in step 1.1 by zam; thus g is analytic and [L3] makes it holomorphic.

step 1.1L3algebra
3.1

For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, step 2.1 gives g(a)=cm0, and [L4] supplies a smaller neighbourhood on which g remains nonzero; hence the required local factorization holds, including m=0 where the factor is 1.

step 2.1L4
4.1

For the infinite-order equivalence, [L1] says infinite order means that every Taylor coefficient is zero, and [L2] then makes f vanish on a neighbourhood of a; conversely, if f vanishes on a neighbourhood, all of its derivatives and hence all of its Taylor coefficients at a are zero, so [L1] gives infinite order.

L1L2

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