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The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization
Statement
Let be holomorphic on a neighbourhood of . A holomorphic function has finite order at if and only if, on some neighbourhood of , it has the form with holomorphic and .
Moreover, if and only if vanishes on a neighbourhood of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A function holomorphic on a neighbourhood of .
The order is the least natural for which the th Taylor coefficient is nonzero, and is when every Taylor coefficient is zero (The order of a zero of a holomorphic function).
Every holomorphic function equals its Taylor series throughout the largest centred open disc contained in its domain (A holomorphic function equals its Taylor series throughout the largest centred disc in its domain).
Every function analytic on an open subset of is holomorphic there (Every complex analytic function is holomorphic).
A complex differentiable function is continuous (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).
A convergent complex power-series representation has uniquely determined coefficients, equal to the derivatives at its centre divided by the corresponding factorials (The coefficients of a complex power series are its derivatives at the centre divided by the corresponding factorials).
Proof
For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, suppose and write the Taylor expansion from [L2] as ; [L1] gives and , so formally .
For the factorization-to-finite-order direction, suppose locally with holomorphic and ; expanding by [L2] gives . Multiplication by gives a convergent power-series representation of whose coefficients below degree vanish and whose degree- coefficient is ; [L5] identifies these with the Taylor coefficients of , so [L1] gives .
For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, define on the Taylor disc: at the series has value , and away from its absolute convergence follows by dividing the absolutely convergent tail of the series in step 1.1 by ; thus is analytic and [L3] makes it holomorphic.
For the finite-order-to-factorization direction, step 2.1 gives , and [L4] supplies a smaller neighbourhood on which remains nonzero; hence the required local factorization holds, including where the factor is .
For the infinite-order equivalence, [L1] says infinite order means that every Taylor coefficient is zero, and [L2] then makes vanish on a neighbourhood of ; conversely, if vanishes on a neighbourhood, all of its derivatives and hence all of its Taylor coefficients at are zero, so [L1] gives infinite order.
Depends on
- The order of a zero of a holomorphic function
- A holomorphic function equals its Taylor series throughout the largest centred disc in its domain
- The coefficients of a complex power series are its derivatives at the centre divided by the corresponding factorials
- Every complex analytic function is holomorphic
- Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there
Used by
- Puiseux discs normalise a reduced plane curve germ Corollary
- A branched projection of a smooth hypersurface Counterexample
- Counting, chordal proximity and characteristic Definition
- Local degree of a nonconstant holomorphic map Definition
- Ramification index, ramification order and branch value Definition
- Truncated value and ramification counts Definition
- Addition and duplication for ℘ Example
- Characteristic under a target Möbius change Example
- Characteristics of a monomial, an exponential and a tangent Example
- Riesz measure of a log modulus records the holomorphic zeros Example
- sin z-z has a zero of order three at the origin Example
- The cusp y²=x³ has Puiseux parameter (t²,t³) Example
- The plane branch y²=x⁵ has Puiseux parameter (t²,t⁵) Example
- A reduced prepared hypersurface stays reduced nearby Lemma
- A simply connected Greenian Riemann surface is a disc Lemma
- A simply connected surface without a Green kernel is plane or sphere Lemma
- An irreducible plane curve gives a connected punctured covering Lemma
- Degree two of ℘ and its four branch points Lemma
- Meromorphic Jensen identity with a zero or pole at the centre Lemma
- Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations Lemma
- Pullback order formula for a branched holomorphic map Lemma
- Ramification count from the derivative divisor Lemma
- Separated-radius Poisson–Jensen derivative bound Lemma
- The locally zero locus of a holomorphic function is clopen Lemma
- The logarithmic derivative has residue equal to local order Lemma
- Zeros of the local Fredholm determinant Lemma
- A bounded harmonic function near an isolated puncture extends harmonically Theorem
- Ahlfors–Shimizu area form of the characteristic Theorem
- Boundary values and log-integrability of Nevanlinna-class functions Theorem
- Characterizations of poles Theorem
- Conformal covariance of the canonical planar Green kernel Theorem
- Convergence, zeros and quasi-periods of the Weierstrass zeta and sigma functions Theorem
- Divisor and residue laws for elliptic functions Theorem
- Green kernel of a simply connected plane domain from a Riemann map Theorem
- Holomorphic inverse function theorem and local-degree criterion Theorem
- Identity theorem for holomorphic functions Theorem
- Jacobi theta triple product and nonvanishing of the theta constant Theorem
- Jensen's formula on a disc Theorem
- Local normal form of a nonconstant holomorphic map Theorem
- Local power-map normal form on Riemann surfaces Theorem
…and 13 more results.
Dependency tree · two levels
24 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- B. V. Shabat, Introduction to Complex Analysis, Theorems 2.27 and 2.31 (standard reference, not scraped)