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Reduced preparation has nonzero discriminant
Statement
Let , let be a reduced nonzero nonunit germ that is regular in the last variable of order after the page's translation convention, and let
be its Weierstrass preparation, with a unit and a Weierstrass polynomial of degree . Put for and for . Then is square-free in : no irreducible element of divides twice. Consequently
is a nonzero holomorphic base germ.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A reduced nonzero nonunit germ that is regular in the last variable of order , its preparation , and (with ).
Reducedness means that no irreducible element of divides twice (Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface).
The germ ring is a unique factorisation domain, so every nonzero nonunit has a factorisation into finitely many irreducibles, unique up to order and associates (The ring of holomorphic germs is a UFD, Unique factorisation domain).
Weierstrass preparation: a germ regular in the last variable of order is a unit times a Weierstrass polynomial of degree , and the Weierstrass polynomial of a preparation of a fixed regular germ is unique (Weierstrass preparation theorem, Uniqueness in Weierstrass preparation, Weierstrass polynomials in the last variable).
Prepared factorisations: if and is the preparation of , then are regular in the last variable and for their preparations; conversely a factorisation of into Weierstrass polynomials of positive degree gives a nontrivial factorisation of . Consequently is irreducible in exactly when its prepared Weierstrass polynomial is irreducible in (Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations).
Gauss's lemma: over a unique factorisation domain with fraction field , a primitive positive-degree polynomial is irreducible in if and only if it is irreducible in , and a product of primitive polynomials is primitive (Gauss lemma over a UFD, The field of fractions of an integral domain).
For every field , the polynomial ring is a unique factorisation domain (For every field , is a unique factorisation domain).
The discriminant of a monic polynomial is the coefficient expression , and in a splitting field with it equals ; it vanishes exactly when has a repeated root (The discriminant of a monic polynomial as the coefficient expression of , The discriminant is and vanishes exactly when a monic polynomial has a repeated root).
is a field containing the constant germs, hence of characteristic , and a characteristic-zero field is perfect; over a perfect field every nonconstant irreducible polynomial is separable, that is, has no repeated root in any extension field (A field is perfect exactly when it has characteristic zero or its Frobenius map is surjective, Perfect fields: every irreducible polynomial is separable, Repeated roots in extension fields and separable polynomials, is a field and embeds the integral domain , The ring of holomorphic germs at and its maximal ideal).
Bézout for polynomials: for not both zero with monic gcd there are with (Bézout identity and the Euclidean algorithm for polynomials over a field).
Proof technique: direct — factor in the germ UFD, prepare each irreducible factor, and read square-freeness of in .
Proof
By [F1] and [F2] write with , the irreducible and pairwise nonassociate, and no irreducible factor repeated.
For each factor with . By [F4] both and are regular in the last variable, the preparation satisfies where and are preparations, and is a nonunit, so its order is at least .
Applying the consequence in [F4] to the irreducible shows that is irreducible in . Each is monic by [F3], hence primitive, so by Gauss's lemma [F5] is irreducible in .
The are pairwise distinct: if for , then makes and associates, contradicting step 1.1.
The product is a Weierstrass polynomial: it is monic of degree with coefficients in , and at each factor equals by [F3], so the product equals . Since step 2.1 gives and is a preparation, uniqueness of the prepared polynomial [F3] yields .
Hence is square-free in : an irreducible dividing twice would, by uniqueness of factorisation in the UFD from [F6], be associate to two of the distinct monic irreducibles ; being monic it would equal both, contradicting step 4.1.
For the discriminant, let be a splitting field of over and write as in [F7]. The roots of are the roots of the factors . Two distinct factors are coprime in : their monic gcd divides the irreducible , so it is or an associate of , and in the second case it would also be an associate of , forcing ; thus for some by [F9], and a common root would give . A root of exactly one factor that were repeated for would be a repeated root of , since the complementary product does not vanish there.
Each is separable by step 3.1 and [F8], so it has no repeated root in the extension ; combined with step 7.1, all roots of in are pairwise distinct. The root formula in [F7] then gives in .
Finally, is the coefficient expression in the coefficients of by [F7], hence is a holomorphic base germ ; since it is nonzero as an element of by step 8.1, it is a nonzero germ.
Depends on
- The discriminant of a monic polynomial as the coefficient expression of $\Delta_n^2$
- The field of fractions $\operatorname{Frac}(D)=(D\setminus\{0\})^{-1}D$ of an integral domain
- The ring of holomorphic germs at $0$ and its maximal ideal
- Perfect fields: every irreducible polynomial is separable
- Reduced holomorphic germ for a hypersurface
- Repeated roots in extension fields and separable polynomials
- Unique factorisation domain
- Weierstrass polynomials in the last variable
- Gauss lemma over a UFD
- Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations
- Bézout identity and the Euclidean algorithm for polynomials over a field
- The discriminant is $\prod_{i<j}(\alpha_i-\alpha_j)^2$ and vanishes exactly when a monic polynomial has a repeated root
- $\operatorname{Frac}(D)$ is a field and $d\mapsto d/1$ embeds the integral domain $D$
- The ring of holomorphic germs is a UFD
- A field is perfect exactly when it has characteristic zero or its Frobenius map is surjective
- For every field $F$, $F[x]$ is a unique factorisation domain
- Uniqueness in Weierstrass preparation
- Weierstrass preparation theorem
Used by
- Discriminant and branch set of a fixed Weierstrass projection Definition
- A reduced prepared hypersurface stays reduced nearby Lemma
- An irreducible plane curve gives a connected punctured covering Lemma
- The vanishing ideal of a reduced hypersurface germ is principal Lemma
- Finite local projection of a reduced hypersurface germ Theorem
- Singular locus of a reduced analytic hypersurface Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
59 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Jiří Lebl, Tasty Bits of Several Complex Variables, Chapter 6 §§6.1–6.7 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Jean-Pierre Demailly, Complex Analytic and Differential Geometry, Chapter II §§2, 4 and 6 (standard reference, not scraped)