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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-28
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The ring of holomorphic germs is a UFD

Statement

For every integer m1, the holomorphic germ ring Om,0 is a unique factorisation domain.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A fixed dimension m1.

[L1]

A UFD is an integral domain in which every nonzero nonunit factors into irreducibles uniquely up to order and associates (Unique factorisation domain).

[L2]

If R is a domain, its field of fractions is Frac(R), and for every field F the polynomial ring F[x] is a UFD (The field of fractions Frac(D)=(D{0})1D of an integral domain, For every field F, F[x] is a unique factorisation domain).

[L3]

Over a UFD, primitive products stay primitive and primitive irreducibility is the same over the coefficient ring and its field of fractions (Gauss lemma over a UFD).

[L4]

Regular germs prepare to Weierstrass polynomials, and those polynomial factorizations correspond exactly to germ factorizations (Weierstrass preparation theorem, Prepared factorizations correspond to germ factorizations).

[L5]

Every nonzero germ becomes regular after a linear coordinate change, and one-variable holomorphic germs factor by zero order (After a linear coordinate change, every nonzero germ is regular in the last variable, The order of a zero is the exponent in its local holomorphic factorization).

[L7]

A holomorphic function on a connected neighbourhood that vanishes on a nonempty open subset vanishes identically (A holomorphic function vanishing on a nonempty open subset of a domain vanishes identically).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The proof is by induction on m. For m=1, every nonzero nonunit germ has the form z1du with d1 and u a unit by [L5]. Thus the only irreducible germs are the associates of z1, and every factorization is determined uniquely by the zero order. So O1,0 is a UFD.

L1L5L6
1.2

Assume m>1 and that R:=Om1,0 is a UFD. Then R is a domain by [L1], so its field of fractions K=Frac(R) exists by [L2], and K[zm] is a UFD by [L2]. Using [L3], every primitive polynomial in R[zm] is irreducible there exactly when it is irreducible in K[zm], and products of primitive polynomials remain primitive. Therefore every nonzero polynomial in R[zm] factors uniquely, up to order and associates, by first factoring in K[zm] and then clearing denominators. Hence R[zm] is a UFD.

L1L2L3
2.1

Let fOm,0 be a nonzero nonunit. By [L5], after a complex-linear coordinate change T the pulled-back germ Tf=fT is regular in zm. By [L4], write Tf=uW with u a unit and WR[zm] a Weierstrass polynomial. Since R[zm] is a UFD by step 1.2, factor W=P1Ps into irreducible polynomials. The correspondence in [L4] turns this into an irreducible factorization of Tf, and applying T1 gives an irreducible factorization of f.

step 1.2L4L5L6
3.1

For uniqueness, let f=q1qt be any factorization of f into irreducible germs. Applying T gives a factorization of Tf. Since Tf is regular, [L4] makes each Tqj regular and gives prepared polynomials QjR[zm] whose product is W. Step 1.2 gives uniqueness of the factorization of W in R[zm], so after reordering each Qj is associate to one of the Pi. Then [L4] makes the corresponding germs Tqj associate to the prepared factor coming from Pi, and applying T1 returns uniqueness for the original factorization of f.

step 2.1step 1.2L4
4.1

It remains to check that Om,0 is a domain. Suppose ab=0 as germs on a connected polydisc. If a were nonzero, the set where a0 would be a nonempty open subset, and on it b=0; [L7] would force b=0 on the whole polydisc. Thus ab=0 implies a=0 or b=0. For m>1, steps 2.1, 3.1, and 4.1 therefore give existence, uniqueness, and the domain property required by [L1]; together with the base case in step 1.1, this completes the induction.

L1L7step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1

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