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Finite products of dominated kernels have the product density

Statement

Let n≥1 and let (S,Σ) be a measurable space. For each j<n, let Kj be a probability kernel from (S,Σ) to (Tj,Tj), let νj be sigma-finite on (Tj,Tj), and let fj:S×Tj→[0,∞] be a specified jointly measurable function such that Kj(s,B)=∫Bfj(s,tj) νj(dtj)(B∈Tj). On the finite product spaces, let K=⨂j<nKj be the product probability kernel, let ν=⨂j<nνj, and put f(s,t)=∏j<nfj(s,tj), using the extended-product convention 0⋅∞=0. Then f is jointly measurable and, for every s∈S, it is a density of K(s,⋅) with respect to ν on the entire product sigma-algebra.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A positive finite number of probability kernels Kj, sigma-finite measures νj, and specified nonnegative jointly measurable densities fj as in the Statement.

[F1]

Finite products of probability kernels exist, are probability kernels, and have the product rectangle formula. Finite products of probability kernels are probability kernels

[F2]

Finite products of sigma-finite measures exist, are sigma-finite, and have the product rectangle formula. For sigma-finite factors, the product measure exists, has the rectangle formula, is sigma-finite, and is unique

[F3]

For a nonnegative product-measurable function, Tonelli gives measurable section integrals and identifies the product integral with either iterated integral. Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product

[F4]

Integrating a nonnegative measurable function over measurable sets defines a measure. The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure

[F5]

Measures agreeing on a generating pi-system are equal when that pi-system supplies an increasing finite-measure exhaustion. Measures agreeing on a generating pi-system are equal under an increasing finite-measure exhaustion from that pi-system

[F6]

Extended nonnegative measurability is determined by strict superlevel sets; between any two distinct real numbers there is a rational. Extended-real-valued measurable functions, Both Q and R∖Q are dense in R, and every nonempty open subset of R is uncountable

[F7]

The finite product sigma-algebra is generated by measurable rectangles, and its coordinate projections are measurable. The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates

Proof

technique · construct the product density and compare its induced measure with the product kernel on rectangles

Given: The hypotheses and conventions in the Statement.

1.1F1F2F6F7given

The product kernel K is a probability kernel by [F1]. Construct the finite product measure recursively: the one-factor case is ν0, and each next product is sigma-finite by [F2] applied to the preceding sigma-finite product and the next νj. By [F7], each coordinate pullback (s,t)↦fj(s,tj) is measurable on S×∏j<nTj. For two nonnegative extended-measurable functions u,v and a≥0, {uv>a}=⋃q∈Q, q>0{u>q}∩{v>a/q}; when uv>a, one can choose a positive rational q with a/v<q<u, with the evident choice of any 0<q<u when a=0; this also covers infinite factors and excludes a zero factor under the stated 0⋅∞=0 convention. For a<0 the superlevel set is the whole domain. Thus finite multiplication preserves measurability by [F6], and f is jointly measurable.

1.2F3F4given

Fix s and define λs(A)=∫Af(s,t) ν(dt). By [F4], λs is a measure. Repeated Tonelli [F3] and the probability-kernel density identities give λs ⁣(∏j<nTj)=∫∏j<nfj(s,tj) dν=∏j<n∫fj(s,tj) νj(dtj)=∏j<nKj(s,Tj)=1. Hence λs is a probability measure.

2.1F1F5step 1.2∎

For a measurable rectangle R=∏j<nBj, repeated Tonelli and the density identities yield λs(R)=∏j<n∫Bjfj(s,tj) νj(dtj)=∏j<nKj(s,Bj)=K(s,R), where the last equality is [F1]. Rectangles form a generating pi-system containing the whole product. Both measures are probabilities by step 1.2 and [F1], so the constant exhaustion by the whole product has common finite mass one. [F5] therefore gives λs=K(s,⋅) on the full product sigma-algebra. This holds for every s, proving the density assertion.

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