How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Finite products of dominated kernels have the product density
Statement
Let and let be a measurable space. For each , let be a probability kernel from to , let be sigma-finite on , and let be a specified jointly measurable function such that On the finite product spaces, let be the product probability kernel, let , and put using the extended-product convention . Then is jointly measurable and, for every , it is a density of with respect to on the entire product sigma-algebra.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A positive finite number of probability kernels , sigma-finite measures , and specified nonnegative jointly measurable densities as in the Statement.
Finite products of probability kernels exist, are probability kernels, and have the product rectangle formula. Finite products of probability kernels are probability kernels
Finite products of sigma-finite measures exist, are sigma-finite, and have the product rectangle formula. For sigma-finite factors, the product measure exists, has the rectangle formula, is sigma-finite, and is unique
For a nonnegative product-measurable function, Tonelli gives measurable section integrals and identifies the product integral with either iterated integral. Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product
Integrating a nonnegative measurable function over measurable sets defines a measure. The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure
Measures agreeing on a generating pi-system are equal when that pi-system supplies an increasing finite-measure exhaustion. Measures agreeing on a generating pi-system are equal under an increasing finite-measure exhaustion from that pi-system
Extended nonnegative measurability is determined by strict superlevel sets; between any two distinct real numbers there is a rational. Extended-real-valued measurable functions, Both and are dense in , and every nonempty open subset of is uncountable
The finite product sigma-algebra is generated by measurable rectangles, and its coordinate projections are measurable. The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates
Proof
Given: The hypotheses and conventions in the Statement.
The product kernel is a probability kernel by [F1]. Construct the finite product measure recursively: the one-factor case is , and each next product is sigma-finite by [F2] applied to the preceding sigma-finite product and the next . By [F7], each coordinate pullback is measurable on . For two nonnegative extended-measurable functions and , when , one can choose a positive rational with , with the evident choice of any when ; this also covers infinite factors and excludes a zero factor under the stated convention. For the superlevel set is the whole domain. Thus finite multiplication preserves measurability by [F6], and is jointly measurable.
Fix and define . By [F4], is a measure. Repeated Tonelli [F3] and the probability-kernel density identities give Hence is a probability measure.
For a measurable rectangle , repeated Tonelli and the density identities yield where the last equality is [F1]. Rectangles form a generating pi-system containing the whole product. Both measures are probabilities by step 1.2 and [F1], so the constant exhaustion by the whole product has common finite mass one. [F5] therefore gives on the full product sigma-algebra. This holds for every , proving the density assertion.
Depends on
- The product sigma-algebra and its finite iterates
- Extended-real-valued measurable functions
- Both $\mathbb{Q}$ and $\mathbb{R} \setminus \mathbb{Q}$ are dense in $\mathbb{R}$, and every nonempty open subset of $\mathbb{R}$ is uncountable
- Finite products of probability kernels are probability kernels
- For sigma-finite factors, the product measure exists, has the rectangle formula, is sigma-finite, and is unique
- Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product
- Measures agreeing on a generating pi-system are equal under an increasing finite-measure exhaustion from that pi-system
- The indefinite integral of a nonnegative measurable function is a measure
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
44 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Andrew Gelman, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, David B. Dunson, Aki Vehtari, and Donald B. Rubin, Bayesian Data Analysis, 3rd ed., §5.3 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Alicia A. Johnson, Miles Q. Ott, and Mine Dogucu, Bayes Rules!, Chapters 15–16 (standard reference, not scraped)