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Homogeneous free presentations prove the graded comparison is an isomorphism

Statement

Let k be a field, A,B graded k-algebras, F:GrMod⁡0(A)→GrMod⁡0(B) k-linear, right exact, coproduct preserving and coherently shift-compatible with comparisons θ (Coherently shift-compatible functors and natural transformations), and let M:=F(A) carry the graded (B,A)-bimodule structure of Homogeneous right multiplication reconstructs the graded kernel action.

  1. For every graded left A-module X there is a unique degree-zero B-linear map τX:M⊗AX⟶F(X),τX(m⊗x)=F(ℓx) θA,d−1(m), for m∈M and homogeneous x∈Xd (ℓx as in Degreewise direct sums and homogeneous free covers in graded modules); it has total degree g+d on Mg⊗Xd and is natural in X.

  2. τ is compatible with the shift comparisons, θX,rF τX{r}=(τX{r}) θX,rM, so τ:TM⇒F is a morphism of coherently shift-compatible functors (Coherently shift-compatible functors and transformations form k-linear hom categories), with comparison matrix TM(X{r})→ θX,rM (TMX){r}→ τX{r} F(X){r} equal to TM(X{r})→ τX{r} F(X{r})→ θX,rF F(X){r}.

  3. τ is an isomorphism: τA{d} becomes θA,d−1 under the tensor-unit and shift isomorphisms and is therefore invertible; since F and TM preserve coproducts, τP is invertible for every coproduct P of shifts of A; and for arbitrary X the homogeneous free presentation of Degreewise direct sums and homogeneous free covers in graded modules presents τX as the map induced on cokernels whose two pre-comparisons are isomorphisms, so τX is invertible by cokernel universality. Consequently every such F is coherently naturally isomorphic to TF(A).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A field k, graded k-algebras A,B, a k-linear right exact coproduct-preserving coherently shift-compatible functor F with comparisons θ, the graded (B,A)-bimodule M=F(A) with the action of Homogeneous right multiplication reconstructs the graded kernel action, a graded left A-module X with homogeneous x∈Xd, an element a∈Ai, an element m∈M, and r∈Z.

[L1]

The reconstructed right action satisfies m⋅a=F(ra)θA,i−1(m) with ra(x′)=x′a, m⋅1=m, and (m⋅a)⋅b=m⋅(ab), and it makes M a graded (B,A)-bimodule with the unit law and associativity (Homogeneous right multiplication reconstructs the graded kernel action).

[L2]

TM=M⊗A− is k-linear, right exact and coproduct preserving, and the canonical comparisons θX,rM are the identity on elementary tensors (Graded tensor functors are k-linear, right exact, coproduct preserving and shift-coherent).

[L3]

The canonical homogeneous free cover qX:PX→X with PX=⨁x∈HXA{deg⁡x} is an epimorphism, the degree-zero map ℓy:A{e}→X with ℓy(1A)=y is unique for y∈Xe, the first presentation map d:PKX→PX has image ker⁡qX and need not be monic, and uℓx=ℓu(x) for degree-zero u:X→Y (Degreewise direct sums and homogeneous free covers in graded modules).

[L4]

The internal shift is a strict autoequivalence acting as the identity on underlying sets, so the shift of a morphism is the same underlying map (Internal shifts are autoequivalences and commute with the graded tensor product). The supplied comparisons satisfy the cocycle θX,r+sF=(θX,rF{s})θX{r},sF (Coherently shift-compatible functors and natural transformations).

[L5]

Between fixed k-linear right exact coproduct-preserving coherent functors, coherent transformations have set codes given by their components at A; actual hom-categories and a strict 2-category are formed using finite words in a specified uniformly definable family. The transformation formulas remain valid for arbitrary supplied functors, including TM and F (Coherently shift-compatible functors and transformations form k-linear hom categories).

[L6]

A coherent transformation between coherently shift-compatible functors satisfies θX,rGηX{r}=(ηX{r})θX,rF (Coherently shift-compatible functors and natural transformations).

[L7]

The graded balanced tensor product is graded by total internal degree on homogeneous elementary tensors and every element is a finite sum of such tensors (Graded balanced tensor product and homogeneous Hom).

[L8]

For the graded (B,A)-bimodule M and a graded left A-module N, the tensor-unit map M⊗AA→M, m⊗a↦ma, and the shift isomorphisms M{r}⊗AN{s}≅(M⊗AN){r+s} are degree-zero isomorphisms. To apply the bimodule version, give N its central right k-action (Graded associativity, units, and internal-shift tensor isomorphisms).

[L9]

Kernels, images and cokernels in GrMod⁡0(A) are computed degreewise, and exactness is equivalent to exactness degreewise (Graded modules with degree-zero maps form an abelian category).

[L10]

A balanced map out of M×X induces a unique homomorphism out of M⊗AX (Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups).

[L11]

Tensor products of maps satisfy (f′∘f)⊗(g′∘g)=(f′⊗g′)∘(f⊗g) and id⁡⊗id⁡=id⁡ (Module homomorphisms induce tensor-product homomorphisms functorially).

[L12]

The left B-action on M⊗AX is the unique one with b(m⊗x)=(bm)⊗x (A commuting outer scalar action descends to a tensor product).

[L13]

A sequence is exact when image equals kernel at each meeting point (Exact sequences and short exact sequences of modules).

[L14]

The cokernel of a homomorphism is the quotient by its image, and a map out of the cokernel is determined by the universal property of that quotient (Module homomorphism and isomorphism, kernel, image and cokernel).

[L15]

A right exact functor between abelian categories preserves epimorphisms (A left exact functor preserves monomorphisms and a right exact functor preserves epimorphisms).

[L16]

A functor is right exact when it preserves every finite colimit existing in its source (Left exact and right exact functors).

[L17]

A natural transformation has components satisfying Gf∘αX=αY∘Ff (Natural transformation and its components).

[L18]

A natural transformation is a natural isomorphism when it has a two-sided inverse, which is detected on underlying maps (Natural isomorphism).

[L19]

For an additive right exact coproduct-preserving functor on ungraded modules with its evaluated bimodule action, the canonical Eilenberg–Watts comparison is a natural isomorphism (Canonical free presentations force the comparison to be an isomorphism).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L3L4L6algebra

For x∈Xd put βX(m,x)=F(ℓx)θA,d−1(m); since ℓx+x′=ℓx+ℓx′ and ℓ0=0, additivity of F makes this additive in x within each degree, and finite homogeneous decomposition extends it uniquely to all x∈X. It is additive in m because the maps defining it are homomorphisms. For homogeneous a∈Ai, ℓax=ℓx∘(ra{d}), both maps sending u to uax. Naturality of θ at ra with parameter d and its cocycle give θA,d−1F(ra)θA,i−1=F(ra{d})θA,i+d−1 on underlying maps. Thus βX(m⋅a,x)=F(ℓx)F(ra{d})θA,i+d−1(m)=βX(m,ax); additivity extends balancing to arbitrary a,x.

2.1step 1.1L7L10L12

By [L10] the balanced pairing βX induces a unique group homomorphism τX:M⊗AX→F(X) with τX(m⊗x)=βX(m,x) on homogeneous x; it is degree-zero because for m∈Mg and x∈Xd the tensor m⊗x has total degree g+d [L7] while θA,d−1(m)∈F(A{d})g+d and F(ℓx) is degree-zero, so βX(m,x)∈F(X)g+d; and it is B-linear because βX is B-linear in m (both F(ℓx) and θA,d−1 are B-linear) and the B-action on the tensor is the unique one with b(m⊗x)=(bm)⊗x [L12].

3.1step 2.1L3L11L17

Naturality in X: for a degree-zero u:X→Y one has u∘ℓx=ℓu(x) [L3], so F(u)τX(m⊗x)=F(u)F(ℓx)θ−1(m)=F(ℓu(x))θ−1(m)=τY(m⊗u(x))=τY(1⊗u)(m⊗x); elementary tensors generate M⊗AX, so F(u)∘τX=τY∘(1⊗u) by [L11] and [L17].

3.2step 2.1L2L3L4

Shift compatibility: both sides of θX,rFτX{r}=(τX{r})θX,rM are degree-zero B-linear maps M⊗AX{r}→F(X){r}, so it suffices to compare them on m⊗y with y∈(X{r})e=Xe−r. The right-hand side gives F(ℓyX)θA,e−r−1(m) viewed in F(X){r}, because θM is the identity on elementary tensors [L2]. The left-hand side is θX,rFF(ℓyX{r})θA,e−1(m) with ℓyX{r}=(ℓyX){r} the shift of ℓyX [L3, L4]; naturality of θF at ℓyX with parameter r gives θX,rFF((ℓyX){r})=(F(ℓyX){r})θA{e−r},rF and the shift of a morphism is the same underlying map [L4], so the left-hand side equals F(ℓyX)θA{e−r},rFθA,e−1(m); the cocycle θA,eF=(θA,e−rF{r})θA{e−r},rF together with [L4] gives θA{e−r},rFθA,e−1=θA,e−r−1 on underlying maps, so the left-hand side equals the right-hand side.

3.3step 2.1L3L8L18

At X=A{d} the generator map ℓ1A:A{d}→A{d} is the identity, so τA{d}(m⊗1A)=θA,d−1(m); under the tensor-unit and shift isomorphisms M⊗AA{d}≅(M⊗AA){d}≅M{d} of [L8] the map τA{d} corresponds to the degree-zero isomorphism θA,d−1, hence is itself an isomorphism.

4.1step 3.1step 3.3L2L3

Let P=⨁iA{di} be a coproduct of shifts of A. Since TM preserves coproducts [L2] and F does by hypothesis, naturality of τ at the coproduct inclusions identifies τP with the coproduct ⨁iτA{di} of the isomorphisms of step 3.3, under the canonical decompositions TM(P)≅⨁iTM(A{di}) and F(P)≅⨁iF(A{di}); a coproduct of isomorphisms is an isomorphism, so τP is an isomorphism.

5.1step 3.1step 4.1L2L3L9L13L14L15L16L19

For arbitrary X the presentation PKX→dPX→qXX→0 of [L3] is exact at PX and at X [L13], with d of image ker⁡qX and qX an epimorphism; the functors TM and F preserve cokernels because they are right exact [L2, L15, L16], so applying them gives two cokernel diagrams connected by τ: τPXTM(d)=F(d)τPKX by naturality (step 3.1). The maps τPKX and τPX are isomorphisms by step 4.1, so the unique map induced on the cokernels by cokernel universality [L14] is an isomorphism with inverse induced by the two inverses; this proves the graded counterpart of the ungraded comparison [L19] directly, and the first presentation map d is never asserted to be monic.

6.1step 3.1step 3.2step 5.1L5L6L17L18∎

Collecting steps 3.1, 3.2 and 5.1: τ:TM⇒F is a natural transformation that is an isomorphism in every degree and hence a natural isomorphism [L18], it satisfies the equivariance identity of step 3.2, so it is a coherent morphism between the coherent functors TM and F in the sense of [L6] and [L5], and consequently every such F is coherently naturally isomorphic to TF(A); the displays of the statement record the two composites of the comparison matrix, which are equal by step 3.2.

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