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Integral powers of the complexified universal real line

Statement

Assume AC. Let λRP be the universal real line, put u=w1(λ)H1(RP;F2) and a=c1(λC)H2(RP;Z). Then 2a=0,ρ2(a)=u2, and for every k1 the class ak is nonzero of exact order two, with ρ2(ak)=u2k.

Facts & Assumptions

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice is assumed, exactly as inherited from the characteristic-class suppliers (The Axiom of Choice).

[F1]

Complexification is EC=ERC with the real transition matrices acting complex-linearly (Complexification is conjugation invariant); underlying-real bundles and Whitney sums use those same transition matrices (Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles).

[F2]

For a complex bundle E one has w2i(ER)=ρ2ci(E) and w2i+1(ER)=0 (Mod-two reduction of Chern classes).

[F3]

Total Stiefel-Whitney classes are multiplicative over Whitney sums (Whitney sum formula for Stiefel–Whitney classes), and are invariant under bundle isomorphisms (Naturality of Stiefel–Whitney classes).

[F4]

For a real line w1 is its tautological degree-one class, computed from any classifying map; independence is supplied by The tautological degree-one class is well defined and fiber generating. Infinite real projective space has a polynomial cohomology ring on its unique nonzero degree-one class (Stiefel–Whitney classes from the projective-bundle relation, Tautological degree-one class on a real projective bundle, Mod-two cohomology ring of infinite real projective space).

[F5]

Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion: 2c2j+1(EC)=0; in particular 2c1(λC)=0 (Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion).

[F6]

Coefficient reduction is induced by postcomposition of cochains (Singular cohomology is contravariantly functorial); the cup formula multiplies values on the front and back faces (Singular cup product on cochains).

Proof

technique · direct

Given: AC, the universal real line λ over RP, the class u=w1(λ) and a=c1(λC).

1.1

The base RP is a path-connected paracompact Hausdorff CW complex and its tautological bundle is numerable. Under P(λ)RP, the projective tautological line is λ, so the identity is a classifying map. Thus [F4] identifies u=w1(λ) with the nonzero polynomial generator. The real-linear map (λC)Rλλ given fiberwise by v(a+ib)(av,bv) has inverse (x,y)x1+yi and commutes with the real transition functions, so it is a canonical real-bundle isomorphism by [F1]. Hence [F3] gives w((λC)R)=w(λλ)=w(λ)2=(1+u)2=1+u2 over F2, where [F4] identifies w(λ)=1+u and 2u=0 in characteristic two.

F1F3F4algebra
1.2

Two-torsion: by [F5] with j=0 we have 2a=0; multiplying by ak1 gives 2ak=0 for every k1.

F5
2.1

The mod-two reduction of a: by [F2] applied to the complex bundle λC, ρ2(a)=w2((λC)R)=w2(λλ)=u2 by step 1.1.

F2step 1.1
3.1

The class ak is nonzero for every k1: the cochain formula [F6] commutes with coefficient reduction, since reduction preserves products of values on each pair of faces. It therefore induces a ring homomorphism, so ρ2(ak)=ρ2(a)k=u2k by step 2.1, and u2k0 because H(RP;F2)=F2[u] is a polynomial ring by [F4].

F4F6step 2.1
4.1

Exact order two: by step 3.1 the element ak is nonzero, and by step 1.2 it satisfies 2ak=0, so its additive order is exactly two.

step 3.1step 1.2
5.1

Boundary cases. For k=1 the statements read 2a=0, ρ2(a)=u20 and ord(a)=2. The nonvanishing assertion concerns this universal line on the fixed nonempty base; step 1.1 identifies its class as a polynomial generator. The zeroth power is outside the assertion: a0=1 has infinite integral order, so the restriction k1 is necessary. The coefficient field F2 is nonzero, so the nonzero reduction genuinely certifies nonvanishing over Z. No orientation of λ is used, since w1 and the complexification are orientation-free. AC is used only through [A1].

A1F4step 1.1step 3.1step 4.1

Source notes

Miller's Lecture 36, printed pp. 134-137, is the source for the two-torsion phenomenon: for the universal real line the complexified first Chern class has order two and nonzero mod-two reduction u2, so all its powers are nonzero of exact order two.

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Sources