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Integral powers of the complexified universal real line
Statement
Assume AC. Let be the universal real line, put and Then and for every the class is nonzero of exact order two, with .
Facts & Assumptions
The Axiom of Choice is assumed, exactly as inherited from the characteristic-class suppliers (The Axiom of Choice).
Complexification is with the real transition matrices acting complex-linearly (Complexification is conjugation invariant); underlying-real bundles and Whitney sums use those same transition matrices (Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles).
For a complex bundle one has and (Mod-two reduction of Chern classes).
Total Stiefel-Whitney classes are multiplicative over Whitney sums (Whitney sum formula for Stiefel–Whitney classes), and are invariant under bundle isomorphisms (Naturality of Stiefel–Whitney classes).
For a real line is its tautological degree-one class, computed from any classifying map; independence is supplied by The tautological degree-one class is well defined and fiber generating. Infinite real projective space has a polynomial cohomology ring on its unique nonzero degree-one class (Stiefel–Whitney classes from the projective-bundle relation, Tautological degree-one class on a real projective bundle, Mod-two cohomology ring of infinite real projective space).
Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion: ; in particular (Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion).
Coefficient reduction is induced by postcomposition of cochains (Singular cohomology is contravariantly functorial); the cup formula multiplies values on the front and back faces (Singular cup product on cochains).
Proof
Given: AC, the universal real line over , the class and .
The base is a path-connected paracompact Hausdorff CW complex and its tautological bundle is numerable. Under , the projective tautological line is , so the identity is a classifying map. Thus [F4] identifies with the nonzero polynomial generator. The real-linear map given fiberwise by has inverse and commutes with the real transition functions, so it is a canonical real-bundle isomorphism by [F1]. Hence [F3] gives over , where [F4] identifies and in characteristic two.
Two-torsion: by [F5] with we have ; multiplying by gives for every .
The mod-two reduction of : by [F2] applied to the complex bundle , by step 1.1.
The class is nonzero for every : the cochain formula [F6] commutes with coefficient reduction, since reduction preserves products of values on each pair of faces. It therefore induces a ring homomorphism, so by step 2.1, and because is a polynomial ring by [F4].
Exact order two: by step 3.1 the element is nonzero, and by step 1.2 it satisfies , so its additive order is exactly two.
Boundary cases. For the statements read , and . The nonvanishing assertion concerns this universal line on the fixed nonempty base; step 1.1 identifies its class as a polynomial generator. The zeroth power is outside the assertion: has infinite integral order, so the restriction is necessary. The coefficient field is nonzero, so the nonzero reduction genuinely certifies nonvanishing over . No orientation of is used, since and the complexification are orientation-free. AC is used only through [A1].
Source notes
Miller's Lecture 36, printed pp. 134-137, is the source for the two-torsion phenomenon: for the universal real line the complexified first Chern class has order two and nonzero mod-two reduction , so all its powers are nonzero of exact order two.
Depends on
- Mod-two reduction of Chern classes
- Odd Chern classes of a complexified real bundle are two-torsion
- Whitney sum formula for Stiefel–Whitney classes
- Stiefel–Whitney classes from the projective-bundle relation
- Tautological degree-one class on a real projective bundle
- Mod-two cohomology ring of infinite real projective space
- Whitney sum, tensor, dual, Hom, and exterior-power bundles
- The Axiom of Choice
- Complexification is conjugation invariant
- Naturality of Stiefel–Whitney classes
- The tautological degree-one class is well defined and fiber generating
- Singular cohomology is contravariantly functorial
- Singular cup product on cochains
Used by
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Sources
- Miller, MIT 18.906 Algebraic Topology II, Lecture 36 (standard reference, not scraped)