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The interior-disc and closed-disc configuration spaces are homotopy equivalent
Statement
Write for the closed unit disc and its interior in ; the topological interior of in is exactly (step 1.1), so the notation is accurate. For write , for the ordered configuration spaces and , for the unordered ones (Ordered configuration spaces , Unordered configuration spaces ), with quotient maps . Let be the inclusion and let be the map induced by on the orbit quotients (constructed in step 3.2). Put for . Then for every :
- is a homotopy from to the composite , and the restriction of to is a homotopy from to ; hence is a homotopy equivalence (Homotopy equivalences, homotopy inverses and spaces of the same homotopy type) with homotopy inverse .
- descends to a homotopy from to , where is the map induced by (step 4.2); likewise the descended homotopy restricted to exhibits (step 6.1). Hence is a homotopy equivalence with homotopy inverse , and the two equivalences are compatible with the quotient maps:
- For every the induced homomorphisms of fundamental groups (The homomorphism on fundamental groups induced by a pointed continuous map) are isomorphisms. In particular the closed-disc and open-disc models compute the same fundamental groups at every configuration of interior points, so no boundary basepoint change is needed when a later result is stated on either model.
The case is included: and of either space are one-point spaces, and the assertions are the trivial ones.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the closed unit disc and the open disc , the unit interval , and the four configuration spaces of the statement with the maps .
Points of are the tuples with for , carrying the subspace topology of the product ; is a one-point space, is canonically homeomorphic to by single-coordinate evaluation, and the label names the coordinate of index under the identification of with (Ordered configuration spaces ).
carries the quotient topology of the canonical projection , which is a quotient map; two tuples lie in the same orbit exactly when they differ by a permutation of coordinates, and the basepoint of at is the orbit (Unordered configuration spaces ). The formula defines a continuous action of on , by homeomorphisms of , and this action is free (The symmetric group acts continuously and freely on by permuting labels).
A homotopy from to is a continuous map with and , and is a homotopy equivalence when there is a continuous with and (Homotopies of continuous maps, homotopies relative to a subspace, and path homotopies relative to the endpoints, Homotopy equivalences, homotopy inverses and spaces of the same homotopy type).
is a field ( is a field, every element is uniquely , and every nonzero element has inverse ) and its modulus satisfies , , and for all (Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, , and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive); the metric of the plane is (The Euclidean metric, convergence, Cauchy sequences, and continuity on the complex plane).
The open balls are a basis of the metric topology, so a subset of is open exactly when every point of it has a ball around it contained in the set (Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement); scalar multiplication , , is continuous (Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space); a map into a product space is continuous exactly when all its components are (A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice); composites and restrictions of continuous maps are continuous, and a function is continuous as soon as its restrictions to the members of a finite closed cover are continuous (Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally); open boxes form a basis of the product topology (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space), and finite unions of open sets are open (Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).
For a quotient map , a function is continuous if and only if is continuous, and a continuous map on that is constant on the fibres of factors uniquely through by a continuous map (For a quotient map , a map out of is continuous iff its composite with is; a continuous map on constant on the fibres of factors uniquely through ; and a composite of quotient maps is a quotient map, The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection).
The product traverses first and second, and makes a group whose identity is the class of the constant loop and in which (Based loops and the fundamental group, Loop classes form the group under concatenation). Concatenation of paths respects path homotopy rel endpoints, is associative up to such homotopy, absorbs constant paths, and is nullhomotopic rel endpoints; a path from to gives by an isomorphism (Conjugating loop classes by a path is an isomorphism of fundamental groups).
A bijective group homomorphism is a group isomorphism (Group isomorphisms, automorphisms and the set ); for continuous the assignment is a well-defined group homomorphism and (The homomorphism on fundamental groups induced by a pointed continuous map, Induced fundamental-group maps are well defined, functorial and invariant under based homotopy).
Proof
The interior of is . By [L4] the ball of radius about is . If , put ; then every with has , so the ball lies in , and by [L5] is an interior point. If and , the point has but , so it lies outside and no ball about is contained in . If then . Hence the interior of in is exactly .
Scaling by preserves configurations. Let , let and let or according to the case, and put . Then , with when all ; and implies because . So , and whenever .
The quotient projection is open. Let be open. A tuple lies in exactly when for some and , so . Each is open because acts by a homeomorphism of ([L2]), so this finite union is open by [L5]; hence is open in the quotient topology (The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection). Thus is an open map.
Moving-basepoint lemma. Let be a space, let be continuous and let be continuous with for every ; write and , loops at and . Then rel endpoints. Indeed, put for and for , and for and for ; on each of the two closed halves a single continuous formula is given, and at both formulas for give and both formulas for give , so by the finite closed pasting of [L5] and are continuous paths in with and . Put for , a continuous map into . Then is continuous, for each it is a path from to , and , , because for one has and , while for one has and . So is a path homotopy rel endpoints from to .
The scaling map and the homotopy are well defined. Put for ; then , so , and , . Define and . By step 1.2, maps into itself and into itself, so is a well-defined map and . Consequently as maps , and the restriction of to is a homotopy within from to .
Joint continuity of . The map from to is continuous: its first component is the composite of the projection to with the affine map , its second the composite of the projection to with the -th coordinate projection of the product . Hence is continuous as a composite with scalar multiplication [L5], so is continuous into the product by the component criterion and, since its values lie in the subspace, into ; the restricted map is continuous for the same reason. Thus and its restriction are continuous homotopies.
Equivariance and the induced map . For , , and every label one has , so ; with this gives . Hence is constant on the fibres of , and since it is continuous, [L6] factors it uniquely through a continuous with , sending the orbit of to the same orbit viewed in ; is injective because two orbits of that coincide as subsets of are equal. It is also open onto its image: for open, is open, is open in , and the saturated set is open in , so is open in ; a continuous injective open map is a homeomorphism onto its image.
Injectivity for the ordered spaces. Let be a loop in at with trivial, and let with , and be the nullhomotopy rel endpoints. Then is a nullhomotopy rel endpoints of in , so . Apply step 1.4 to , which by step 2.1 takes values in and satisfies for : it gives rel endpoints. Since is nullhomotopic, [L7] gives and hence ; right-concatenating with and using that is nullhomotopic with constants absorbed, . So and is injective.
Claim 1. By steps 2.1 and 3.1, is a homotopy from to , and its restriction to is a homotopy from to ; equivalently and . By [L3], is a homotopy equivalence with homotopy inverse .
The descended scaling map . Since is continuous and -equivariant by step 3.2, the continuous composite is constant on the fibres of : equivariance makes the images of orbit representatives belong to the same target orbit. By [L6] this composite factors uniquely through a continuous map with .
Surjectivity for the ordered spaces. Let be a loop in at and put for . By steps 2.1 and 3.1, is a path in from to and is a continuous map with , and , so step 1.4 gives rel endpoints. Then is a loop in at , and right-concatenating that homotopy with , using [L7] that concatenation respects path homotopy and that is nullhomotopic with constants absorbed, gives rel endpoints. Hence by [L8] and is surjective.
The descended homotopy . Put . This is continuous and surjective, and it is a quotient map: if is open and , the box basis [L5] gives a box with and , and by step 1.3 is open, so the box is an open subset of containing , since any in it equals for some . Hence is open. The formula for is well defined by the equivariance of (step 3.2), and is continuous, so [L6] makes continuous. It satisfies , , and , the last because on classes by steps 3.2 and 4.2.
Claim 3 for the ordered spaces. Let and let be the induced homomorphism of [L8]. If then and are one-point spaces, all their loops are constant, so both fundamental groups are one-element groups and is a bijection. If , steps 4.3 and 3.3 exhibit as surjective and injective. In both cases [L8] makes a group isomorphism.
The restricted homotopy on . Define by letting be the orbit in of for any ; this is well defined by step 3.2 and its values lie in because maps into itself (step 2.1). By the embedding property of step 3.2, is continuous if and only if is, and is the composite of the continuous map with the continuous of step 5.1; so is continuous, with and .
Claim 2. Steps 5.1 and 6.1 give and , so by [L3] is a homotopy equivalence with homotopy inverse , and the three compatibility identities of the statement hold by steps 3.2, 4.2 and 5.1.
Claim 3 for the unordered spaces. Let and let be a loop in at . Put and ; by steps 5.1 and 6.1 these are continuous, , and because , and is a path in from to . Step 1.4 gives , and is a loop in at with , so is surjective. For injectivity let be a loop in at with , witnessed by a nullhomotopy of ; then nullhomotopes , and step 1.4 applied to of step 6.1 gives , whence by the same cancellation as in step 3.3. So is injective, and for both groups are one-element as in step 5.2. By [L8], is an isomorphism.
Conclusion. Claim 1 is step 4.1, claim 2 is step 7.1 and claim 3 is steps 5.2 and 7.2, so all the assertions of the statement hold.
Depends on
- Ordered configuration spaces $F_n(X)$
- Unordered configuration spaces $C_n(X)$
- The symmetric group acts continuously and freely on $F_n(X)$ by permuting labels
- Homotopy equivalences, homotopy inverses and spaces of the same homotopy type
- Homotopies of continuous maps, homotopies relative to a subspace, and path homotopies relative to the endpoints
- The complex numbers as $\mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$, with the real embedding and imaginary unit $i$
- $\mathbb C=\mathbb R[x]/(x^2+1)$ is a field, every element is uniquely $a+bi$, and every nonzero element has inverse $(a-bi)/(a^2+b^2)$
- Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, $z\overline z=|z|^2$, and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive
- The Euclidean metric, convergence, Cauchy sequences, and continuity on the complex plane
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space
- A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice
- Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
- The quotient topology of a surjection, quotient maps, saturated sets, and the quotient of a space by an equivalence relation with its canonical projection
- For a quotient map $q : X \to Y$, a map out of $Y$ is continuous iff its composite with $q$ is; a continuous map on $X$ constant on the fibres of $q$ factors uniquely through $q$; and a composite of quotient maps is a quotient map
- Based loops and the fundamental group
- Loop classes form the group $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ under concatenation
- Conjugating loop classes by a path is an isomorphism of fundamental groups
- The homomorphism on fundamental groups induced by a pointed continuous map
- Induced fundamental-group maps are well defined, functorial and invariant under based homotopy
- Group isomorphisms, automorphisms and the set $\operatorname{Aut}(G)$
Used by
- The configuration braid group Bₙᶜᵒⁿᶠ as the fundamental group of an unordered configuration space Definition
- The pure braid group PBₙ as the fundamental group of an ordered configuration space Definition
- The Fadell-Neuwirth forgetful map: local triviality, constant fibre, and numerability for configurations in the disk Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
80 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Juan Gonzalez-Meneses, Basic results on braid groups, sections 1.1 and 1.3, printed pp. 3-6 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, section 0, printed p. 3 (standard reference, not scraped)