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The opposite Deligne product is the category of finite bimodules

Statement

Let A,B be finite k-linear abelian categories with supplied module equivalences A≃R-mod, B≃S-mod; use chosen small representatives. Here (B,A)-bimod denotes the finite k-linear (S,R)-bimodules in these models, not modules over abstract categories themselves. Then there is an equivalence of k-linear categories Aop⊠B≃(B,A)-bimod between the Deligne product of Finite Deligne products exist via tensor-product algebras and the category of finite-dimensional (B,A)-bimodules ((S,R)-bimodules and commuting left and right scalar actions, Opposite category Cop), carrying an external object aˉ⊠b to b⊗ka∗, where a∗ is the k-dual of a (Linear functionals and the algebraic dual V∗=L(V,F), Vector space over a field) with the induced right A-action and b keeps its left B-action (Unital left and right modules over a ring; unqualified module means left module). The equivalence is the transport of the identification (Rop⊗kS)-mod≅(B,A)-bimod (The opposite ring Rop, The tensor product of R-algebras has multiplication (a⊗b)(a′⊗b′)=aa′⊗bb′, Modules over a ring form an abelian category) along module models (Finite abelian categories admit finite-dimensional module models) and the exact contravariant duality (−)∗ (Finite module duality is exact with commuting bimodule actions). Moreover the universal property dualises: the bifunctor ⊠ is also left exact in each variable, restriction along it induces equivalences for left-exact-in-each-variable bifunctors as well, and (Aop⊠B)op≃A⊠Bop, so the left exact external-tensor formula of the categorical Eilenberg–Watts triangle on this page is an instance of the universal property in its dual form. The Deligne-product construction is under the AC assumption of its cited existence theorem; the duality and action identifications require no further choice.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Finite k-linear abelian categories A,B and a field k.

[F1]

The module equivalences A≃R-mod and B≃S-mod in the statement are supplied data. The module-model theorem provides such equivalences when splitting data are supplied; its unconditional conclusion is full faithfulness and objectwise essential surjectivity (Finite abelian categories admit finite-dimensional module models).

[F2]

For a finite-dimensional k-algebra A, the k-dual X∗=Hom⁡k(X,k) with the right A-action (λ⋅a)(x)=λ(ax) is a contravariant k-linear equivalence from A-mod to finite-dimensional left Aop-modules, and it is exact (Finite module duality is exact with commuting bimodule actions).

[F3]

For finite-dimensional k-algebras R,S the category (R⊗kS)-mod with the tensor bifunctor (X,Y)↦X⊗kY is a Deligne product of R-mod and S-mod: restriction along that bifunctor is an equivalence between k-linear right exact functors out of the Deligne product and k-linear bifunctors right exact in each variable (Finite Deligne products exist via tensor-product algebras).

[F4]

The tensor product A⊗kB of k-algebras has the multiplication (a⊗b)(a′⊗b′)=aa′⊗bb′ (The tensor product of R-algebras has multiplication (a⊗b)(a′⊗b′)=aa′⊗bb′), and an (S,R)-bimodule is an abelian group that is a left S-module and a right R-module with commuting actions ((S,R)-bimodules and commuting left and right scalar actions).

[F5]

The tensor product is functorial in both variables with the identity and composition laws, and it is universal for balanced maps: every balanced map out of M×N factors uniquely through M⊗RN (Module homomorphisms induce tensor-product homomorphisms functorially, Universal property of the tensor product for balanced maps into abelian groups).

[F6]

The category of finite-dimensional modules over a finite-dimensional k-algebra is a finite k-linear abelian category in the intrinsic sense (Finite-dimensional module categories satisfy the intrinsic finiteness conditions).

[F7]

The opposite ring Rop has the reversed multiplication a⋆b=ba (The opposite ring Rop), and the opposite category reverses every morphism (Opposite category Cop). A functor is left exact when it preserves every finite limit that exists in its source and right exact when it preserves every finite colimit; passing to opposites interchanges limits with colimits (Left exact and right exact functors).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1givenF1F2F6

Use the supplied finite-dimensional unital k-algebras R,S and k-linear equivalences of [F1] A≃R-mod, B≃S-mod (Equivalence, quasi-inverse, and adjoint equivalence of categories, Algebras over a commutative ring, central structure maps, and algebra homomorphisms, Finite-dimensional vector space, and its dimension dim⁡FV; infinite-dimensional means having no finite basis). The k-dual X∗=Hom⁡k(X,k) with the right R-action (λ⋅a)(x)=λ(ax), equivalently the left Rop-action a⋅λ:=λ⋅a, is a contravariant exact equivalence to Rop-mod [F2] (Linear functionals and the algebraic dual V∗=L(V,F)), so it identifies Aop with Rop-mod (Opposite category Cop, The opposite ring Rop); Rop-mod and S-mod are finite k-linear abelian categories [F6] (Abelian category, k-linear categories and k-linear functors).

2.1step 1.1F3F4

By [F3] applied to the finite-dimensional algebras Rop and S, the category (Rop⊗kS)-mod with its tensor bifunctor is a Deligne product of Rop-mod and S-mod, so transporting along step 1.1 identifies Aop⊠B with (Rop⊗kS)-mod. A left module over Rop⊗kS is a k-vector space with commuting left Rop- and left S-actions [F4], that is, a k-vector space with a right R-action and a left S-action that commute, i.e. a finite-dimensional (S,R)-bimodule ((S,R)-bimodules and commuting left and right scalar actions, Unital left and right modules over a ring; unqualified module means left module, Vector space over a field, Modules over a ring form an abelian category); under the equivalences of step 1.1 this is exactly the category (B,A)-bimod of finite-dimensional (B,A)-bimodules, so Aop⊠B≃(B,A)-bimod as k-linear categories.

3.1step 2.1F4F5

The universal bifunctor of Aop⊠B is the transport of the tensor bifunctor of Rop-mod×S-mod, so on the external object aˉ⊠b it sends (a,b) to a∗⊗kb, where a∗=Hom⁡k(a,k) carries the induced right A-action and b its left B-action [F2, F4, F5]. The symmetry of the tensor product over the field, induced by the balanced map (x,y)↦y⊗x and unique factorization through the tensor product [F5], is a natural isomorphism a∗⊗kb≅b⊗ka∗ compatible with the two actions (Module homomorphisms induce tensor-product homomorphisms functorially, Linear functionals and the algebraic dual V∗=L(V,F)), so the equivalence carries aˉ⊠b to b⊗ka∗ with those actions, as asserted.

3.2step 1.1step 2.1F3F5F7

The tensor product of finite-dimensional k-vector spaces is exact in each variable: if f:Y→Y′ is injective, then a k-linear retraction r of f exists because a basis of the image of f extends to a basis of the finite-dimensional space Y′ (Finite-dimensional vector space, and its dimension dim⁡FV; infinite-dimensional means having no finite basis), and (1⊗r)(1⊗f)=1 by functoriality [F5], so 1⊗f is injective; right exactness in each variable holds by F3, so ⊠ is also left exact in each variable (Left exact and right exact functors). Passing to opposites, ((Rop⊗kS)-mod)op≃(R⊗kSop)-mod, via the finite contravariant duality of [F2] for the algebra Rop⊗kS, followed by the algebra isomorphism (Rop⊗kS)op≅R⊗kSop, checked on elementary tensors [F4, F7]; by [F3] the category (R⊗kSop)-mod with its tensor bifunctor is a Deligne product of R-mod and Sop-mod, so transporting along step 1.1 gives the canonical equivalence (Aop⊠B)op≃A⊠Bop.

4.1step 3.1step 3.2F1F3F7∎

The universal property dualises: a k-linear functor G out of Aop⊠B is left exact exactly when its opposite functor out of (Aop⊠B)op is right exact [F7], and step 3.2 identifies that opposite source with A⊠Bop, where [F3] is the equivalence Rex⁡k(A⊠Bop,Eop)≃Rex⁡k,k(A×Bop,Eop) for every k-linear abelian E; applying the same duality to the bifunctors turns right exactness in each variable on A×Bop into left exactness in each variable on Aop×B [F7], so restriction along ⊠ induces an equivalence Lex⁡k(Aop⊠B,E)≃Lex⁡k,k(Aop×B,E) as well (Equivalence, quasi-inverse, and adjoint equivalence of categories, Functor category [C,D], Natural transformation and its components); the left exact external-tensor formula of the categorical Eilenberg–Watts triangle on this page is therefore an instance of the universal property in its dual form. A second choice of module models is related to the first by a k-linear equivalence [F1], and conjugating by it identifies the transported equivalences together with their universal bifunctors, so the construction is well defined up to an equivalence respecting the universal bifunctors; no commutativity of the algebras and no further choice beyond the supplied module equivalences and the existence theorem's AC-dependent data is used.

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