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Orientation reversal is the connected-sum inverse

Statement

Assume ACω. For n≥5 and every oriented smooth homotopy n-sphere Σ, the connected sum Σ#(−Σ) is oriented h-cobordant to Sn.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An oriented smooth homotopy n-sphere Σ, n≥5, a smoothly embedded disk Dn⊆Σ and the opposite orientation −Σ.

[A1]

Countable choice ACω is assumed (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[L1]

The punctured manifold P=Σ∖int⁡Dn is compact with boundary ∂P=Sn−1; the pair sequence of (Σ,P) with excision to (Dn,Sn−1) and van Kampen along the collar show P is simply connected and has the integral homology of a point, and a compact smooth manifold with a finite CW model and such homology is contractible by the simply connected homology Whitehead criterion (Smooth homotopy sphere, Long exact sequence of a pair, Excision for singular homology, A simply connected overlap turns the van Kampen pushout into a free product, Compact smooth manifolds have finite CW models under countable choice, Relative Hurewicz comparison through a choice-free weak model, Whitehead theorem); the finite-model homology criterion is derived in [L2] of Connected sum preserves oriented homotopy spheres.

[L2]

An h-cobordism is a compact smooth cobordism triad whose two face inclusions are homotopy equivalences; orientation is additional data, not part of that definition (h-Cobordism). Under ACω, smooth boundary collars exist (Collar neighborhood theorem, Smooth collars of a manifold boundary).

[L3]

The relative fundamental class of a compact oriented manifold with boundary restricts to the local orientation and satisfies ∂[V,∂V]=[∂V] for the induced boundary orientation (Relative fundamental class and boundary orientation).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1A1

By [L1] the punctured homotopy sphere P=Σ∖int⁡Dn is a compact contractible smooth n-manifold with boundary ∂P=Sn−1.

2.1step 1.1L2construct

Round P×[0,1] explicitly in the collars of [L2]. Near either corner, let s,t≥0 be the two inward coordinates and put w=s−t, z=s+t, so the quadrant is z≥∣w∣. Choose a smooth convex function g(w)≥∣w∣ equal to ∣w∣ outside a small interval (convolve ∣w∣ with a nonnegative even smooth kernel of integral one and small compact support). Replace z≥∣w∣ by z≥g(w), using the same profile over ∂P and disjoint neighborhoods at the two ends. The graph is smooth and agrees with the faces away from the corner, so the retained region V is a compact smooth manifold with boundary. The homotopy z↦z+umax⁡{0,g(w)−z}, 0≤u≤1, extended by the identity, retracts the original product onto V; its support stays inside the chosen collar. Thus V is contractible. Its boundary joins two shortened copies of P by the boundary collar cylinder, hence is the double of P, namely Σ#(−Σ); collar reparametrizations identify the shortened copies with P. Choose the orientation of V so the first copy has the orientation of Σ; the other copy then has the opposite orientation.

3.1step 2.1L2

Remove from V the interior of a small smoothly embedded (n+1)-disk meeting only the interior, obtaining the compact oriented manifold C whose boundary has the face Σ#(−Σ) and a standard sphere face Sn.

4.1step 3.1L3

Using collar thickenings, excision identifies H∗(C,Sn) with H∗(V,Dn+1)=0 because V and the disk are contractible, so the inclusion Sn→C is an integral homology isomorphism; the boundary relation of [L3] gives [Σ#(−Σ)]+[Sn]=0 in Hn(C)≅Z, so the other face inclusion also induces an isomorphism on Hn and hence on all reduced homology, since C has the homology of a point in intermediate degrees.

5.1step 4.1L1L2

Van Kampen applied after reattaching the removed disk shows π1(C)=π1(V)=0, and both faces are simply connected: Σ#(−Σ) by the connected-sum lemma and Sn for n≥5.

6.1step 5.1L1L2∎

The compact smooth manifold C has a finite CW model by [L1]'s finite-CW clause, so the simply connected homology Whitehead criterion upgrades both face inclusions to homotopy equivalences; hence C is an h-cobordism from Sn to Σ#(−Σ), proving that orientation reversal is the inverse.

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