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The standard flower is a deformation retract with free meridian basis
Statement
For each standard meridian let be its truncated tether from to , namely the restriction of to . The standard flower is the finite graph Then is a deformation retract of , fixing ; is free with basis ; and for all . The tethers are edges of a tree, not parts of embedded circle summands through .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: the disk, punctures, circles and truncated tethers above, as in Standard meridians of a punctured disk. Let be the closed disk bounded by , , and . The graph is a finite tree with root .
Collapsing a CW subcomplex with a contraction fixing its contraction point is a based homotopy equivalence (CW quotients and collapse of a contractible subcomplex).
The wedge of circles has fundamental group freely generated by its circle loops; a based homotopy equivalence induces isomorphisms of homotopy groups (The fundamental group of a finite wedge of circles is free of that rank, Induced fundamental-group maps are well defined, functorial and invariant under based homotopy, Higher homotopy groups are functorial and based homotopy invariant, A retract induces an injection on fundamental groups, and a deformation retract induces an isomorphism).
Reduced words are unique in the free group (Free group on a set of generators, Reduced words form the free group on an alphabet).
Maps of simply connected spheres lift to a based covering space; Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces applies to the spheres of is simply connected for every .
Finite polygonal arcs have disk-and-band neighborhoods; simple polygonal regions are disks, and prescribed PL boundary homeomorphisms extend by finite triangulations (Finite polygonal disk parametrizations and boundary surgery). Its constructions use only finite choices and ordered-field coordinates.
Proof
Removing the noncompact puncture neighborhoods. In write , , and send it at time to . Keep the complement of the disk interiors fixed. This formula is continuous on (no extension to is asserted), fixes , and ends in . The finitely many formulas agree on their boundary circles, so they give a strong deformation retraction fixing the truncated flower .
Cutting the compact holed disk. Open along the , separating the sectors at . The resulting compact surface is a disk: thicken the straight tethers into thin rectangular strips from the outer boundary to their respective circular holes; the remaining planar region has a single Jordan polygonal boundary with circular detours. First flatten the outer circle near while fixing every tether. For small write its top as and put . At a point of the tether to one has , , since ; a tether with lies on . For sufficiently small nonzero , , so and the collar misses every tether. On each vertical fiber map to , fixing its two collar endpoints and interpolating linearly on the two pieces; take near zero and outside a slightly larger small interval. Since , these fiber maps are increasing. At use the identity; the displacement bound proves continuity of both maps and inverses there. The outer boundary becomes flat near and all tethers stay fixed. Away from that flat segment the outer boundary is at positive distance from the flower, so finitely many ordinary boundary collar charts replace its remaining circular pieces by close polygonal chords, fixing the flower. Next straighten each inner circular boundary portion by an explicit radial collar map: choose a sufficiently fine inscribed polygon with the tether contact as one vertex, let be its radial boundary function, and on the outer annular collar interpolate monotonically from radius at the old circle radius to the unchanged outer collar radius. Choose the polygon fine enough that the interpolation stays strictly increasing. On the tether direction equals the original circle radius, so the tether is fixed. All boundaries are now finite polygons and the tethers remain straight. Open their narrow vertex disks and edge strips using [F5]; the boundary trace is a single simple polygon, and [F5] supplies its disk parametrization by finite diagonal splitting. No general Jordan–Schönflies extension or arbitrary plane-arc theorem is used for this fixed circular/straight geometry. This supplies a disk coordinate compatible with the side collars, so opening the zero-width tethers has the same disk topology. Its boundary is the union of the single outer arc and its complementary closed arc . The arc consists, in order, of all the tether shores and all the circles opened at their tether endpoints. For , and meet just at their two endpoints, and all paired shores lie in . The quotient identifies matching tether shores and the sector copies of , and its image of is precisely .
The quotient-compatible retraction. In the disk coordinate of step 1.2 take to , using the prescribed PL boundary extension of [F5], and returning through the explicit collar coordinates of step 1.2. The homotopy strongly retracts the square onto its bottom edge. Transport it to , where it fixes pointwise. For paired points one has , since both lie in . Thus descends through . This is a quotient map because is compact and is Hausdorff. The descended continuous homotopy strongly retracts onto . Composing with step 1.1 proves the deformation-retract clause. When , take and use the straight-line contraction of to .
The meridian basis. Contract the finite tether tree to along its edges, fixing . By [F1], the collapse is a based homotopy equivalence. The quotient graph is a wedge of the circles , and traverses its -th circle once positively. Hence [F2] gives a free basis of and an isomorphism to . The flower itself is a lollipop graph, rather than homeomorphic to the wedge.
Higher homotopy. The universal cover of the wedge graph has vertices the reduced words and an edge from to for every . Local stars map homeomorphically to the star of its wedge vertex, so this is a covering; uniqueness of reduced words [F3] implies the cover is a tree. Give each edge length one and contract along the unique geodesic to the root, sending distance to . The locally finite graph metric gives the graph topology, and this contraction is continuous and fixes the root. For , [F4] lifts any based sphere map to this contractible tree, where it contracts; projecting makes the original map nullhomotopic. Thus the wedge has vanishing higher homotopy, and [F2] with the based equivalence of step 3.1 gives the same for . All coordinate selections and triangulations concern finitely many supplied straight segments and circles; no choice axiom is used.
Depends on
- Finite polygonal disk parametrizations and boundary surgery
- Standard meridians of a punctured disk
- Retractions and deformation retracts, with a deformation retraction required to fix the retract pointwise
- A retract induces an injection on fundamental groups, and a deformation retract induces an isomorphism
- The wedge of a family of pointed spaces
- The fundamental group of a finite wedge of circles is free of that rank
- Higher homotopy groups are functorial and based homotopy invariant
- Induced fundamental-group maps are well defined, functorial and invariant under based homotopy
- Free group on a set of generators
- Reduced words form the free group on an alphabet
- Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces
- $S^n$ is simply connected for every $n\ge2$
- Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological
- CW quotients and collapse of a contractible subcomplex
Used by
- A based self-map of the punctured disk inducing the identity on the fundamental group is based-homotopic to the identity Lemma
- Homotopic simple proper arcs in the punctured disk are isotopic relative to their endpoints Lemma
- The oriented boundary loop represents the ordered product of the standard meridians Lemma
- The punctured-disk fundamental group is free on the standard meridians Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
55 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Juan Gonzalez-Meneses, Basic results on braid groups, section 1.6, printed pp. 8-10 (Figure 3; the loops x_1,...,x_n generate pi_1 of the punctured disc) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Allen Hatcher, Algebraic Topology, section 1.A pp. 83-86 and Example 1B.1 pp. 87-88 (graphs, trees and free bases) (standard reference, not scraped)