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The standard flower is a deformation retract with free meridian basis

Statement

For each standard meridian let ti be its truncated tether from d to pi∈Ci, namely the restriction of si to [0,1−εi/∣d−qi∣]. The standard flower is the finite graph W={d}∪⋃i=1n(ti∪Ci)⊆D2∖Qn. Then W is a deformation retract of D2∖Qn, fixing d; π1(W,d) is free with basis [x1],…,[xn]; and πj(W,d)=0 for all j≥2. The tethers are edges of a tree, not parts of embedded circle summands through d.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: the disk, punctures, circles and truncated tethers above, as in Standard meridians of a punctured disk. Let Bi be the closed disk bounded by Ci, S=D2∖⋃iint⁡Bi, and T=⋃iti. The graph T is a finite tree with root d.

[F1]

Collapsing a CW subcomplex with a contraction fixing its contraction point is a based homotopy equivalence (CW quotients and collapse of a contractible subcomplex).

[F4]

Maps of simply connected spheres lift to a based covering space; Lifting criterion for maps from path-connected locally path-connected spaces applies to the spheres of Sn is simply connected for every n≥2.

[F5]

Finite polygonal arcs have disk-and-band neighborhoods; simple polygonal regions are disks, and prescribed PL boundary homeomorphisms extend by finite triangulations (Finite polygonal disk parametrizations and boundary surgery). Its constructions use only finite choices and ordered-field coordinates.

Proof

1.1givenconstruct

Removing the noncompact puncture neighborhoods. In Bi∖{qi} write z=qi+reiθ, 0<r≤εi, and send it at time u to qi+((1−u)r+uεi)eiθ. Keep the complement of the disk interiors fixed. This formula is continuous on X=D2∖Qn (no extension to qi is asserted), fixes Ci, and ends in S. The finitely many formulas agree on their boundary circles, so they give a strong deformation retraction X→S fixing the truncated flower W.

1.2givenF5construct

Cutting the compact holed disk. Open S along the ti, separating the sectors at d. The resulting compact surface K is a disk: thicken the straight tethers into thin rectangular strips from the outer boundary to their respective circular holes; the remaining planar region has a single Jordan polygonal boundary with circular detours. First flatten the outer circle near d while fixing every tether. For small ∣x∣ write its top as yb(x)=1−x2 and put w(x)=∣x∣/2. At a point of the tether to qi≠0 one has x=tqi, y=1−t=1−∣x∣/∣qi∣≤1−∣x∣, since ∣qi∣<1; a tether with qi=0 lies on x=0. For sufficiently small nonzero ∣x∣, 1−yb(x)<∣x∣/2, so yb(x)−w(x)>1−∣x∣ and the collar yb(x)−w(x)<y<yb(x)+w(x) misses every tether. On each vertical fiber map yb(x) to yb(x)+χ(x)(1−yb(x)), fixing its two collar endpoints and interpolating linearly on the two pieces; take χ=1 near zero and χ=0 outside a slightly larger small interval. Since 0≤1−yb(x)<w(x), these fiber maps are increasing. At x=0 use the identity; the displacement bound 1−yb(x)→0 proves continuity of both maps and inverses there. The outer boundary becomes flat near d and all tethers stay fixed. Away from that flat segment the outer boundary is at positive distance from the flower, so finitely many ordinary boundary collar charts replace its remaining circular pieces by close polygonal chords, fixing the flower. Next straighten each inner circular boundary portion by an explicit radial collar map: choose a sufficiently fine inscribed polygon with the tether contact as one vertex, let R(θ)>0 be its radial boundary function, and on the outer annular collar interpolate monotonically from radius R(θ) at the old circle radius to the unchanged outer collar radius. Choose the polygon fine enough that the interpolation stays strictly increasing. On the tether direction R equals the original circle radius, so the tether is fixed. All boundaries are now finite polygons and the tethers remain straight. Open their narrow vertex disks and edge strips using [F5]; the boundary trace is a single simple polygon, and [F5] supplies its disk parametrization by finite diagonal splitting. No general Jordan–Schönflies extension or arbitrary plane-arc theorem is used for this fixed circular/straight geometry. This supplies a disk coordinate compatible with the side collars, so opening the zero-width tethers has the same disk topology. Its boundary is the union of the single outer arc A and its complementary closed arc P. The arc P consists, in order, of all the tether shores and all the circles opened at their tether endpoints. For n≥1, A and P meet just at their two endpoints, and all paired shores lie in P. The quotient κ:K→S identifies matching tether shores and the sector copies of d, and its image of P is precisely W.

2.1F5step 1.1step 1.2construct

The quotient-compatible retraction. In the disk coordinate of step 1.2 take (K,P) to ([0,1]2,[0,1]×{0}), using the prescribed PL boundary extension of [F5], and returning through the explicit collar coordinates of step 1.2. The homotopy (x,y)↦(x,(1−u)y) strongly retracts the square onto its bottom edge. Transport it to K, where it fixes P pointwise. For paired points z,z′ one has κ(Ru(z))=κ(z)=κ(z′)=κ(Ru(z′)), since both lie in P. Thus (z,u)↦κ(Ru(z)) descends through κ×id⁡I. This is a quotient map because K×I is compact and S×I is Hausdorff. The descended continuous homotopy strongly retracts S onto W. Composing with step 1.1 proves the deformation-retract clause. When n=0, take W={d} and use the straight-line contraction of D2 to d.

3.1F1F2step 2.1

The meridian basis. Contract the finite tether tree T to d along its edges, fixing d. By [F1], the collapse c:W→W/T is a based homotopy equivalence. The quotient graph W/T is a wedge of the n circles Ci, and c∘xi traverses its i-th circle once positively. Hence [F2] gives a free basis [xi] of π1(W,d) and an isomorphism to π1(X,d). The flower itself is a lollipop graph, rather than homeomorphic to the wedge.

4.1F2F3F4step 3.1construct∎

Higher homotopy. The universal cover of the wedge graph has vertices the reduced words and an edge from w to wxi for every i. Local stars map homeomorphically to the star of its wedge vertex, so this is a covering; uniqueness of reduced words [F3] implies the cover is a tree. Give each edge length one and contract along the unique geodesic to the root, sending distance r to (1−u)r. The locally finite graph metric gives the graph topology, and this contraction is continuous and fixes the root. For j≥2, [F4] lifts any based sphere map to this contractible tree, where it contracts; projecting makes the original map nullhomotopic. Thus the wedge has vanishing higher homotopy, and [F2] with the based equivalence of step 3.1 gives the same for W. All coordinate selections and triangulations concern finitely many supplied straight segments and circles; no choice axiom is used.

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