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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-08-31
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The C5-free graphs satisfy a polynomial kappa bound

Statement

There exists a real τ>0 such that every nonempty C5-free graph G satisfies

κ(G)≥∣V(G)∣τ.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A nonempty C5-free graph G.

[L1]

For every graph H and every real ϵ>0, there exists δ>0 such that every nonempty H-free graph contains a linearly large induced subgraph whose graph or complement has maximum degree at most ϵδ∣V(G)∣ (An H-free graph has a linearly large induced subgraph whose graph or complement has bounded maximum degree).

[L2]

For every δ,ϵ>0 with ϵ<1/20, there exists τ0>0 such that every τ-critical graph with 0<τ≤τ0 and every linearly large induced subgraph of maximum degree at most ϵδ∣V(G)∣ contains a rooted stable-tooth comb with at least 1/(400ϵ) teeth and block size at least δ∣V(G)∣/(400ϵt2) (A tau-critical graph with a large low-degree induced subgraph has a rooted stable-tooth comb).

[L3]

A cross-edge between two different blocks of a rooted stable-tooth comb creates an induced copy of C5 (A rooted stable-tooth comb with a cross-edge between two blocks contains an induced five-cycle).

[L4]

A minimal C5-free counterexample to a bound of the form κ(G)≥∣V(G)∣τ is τ-critical (A minimal counterexample to a kappa-bound is tau-critical).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1L1L2choose

Choose ϵ with 0<ϵ<1/400. Apply [L1] with H=C5 and this ϵ to obtain δ0>0. Set δ:=min⁡{δ0,1}/2. Then every nonempty C5-free graph has a set X with ∣X∣≥δ∣V(G)∣ such that one of G[X] or G‾[X] has maximum degree at most ϵδ∣V(G)∣. Let τ0 be the constant from [L2] for this pair (δ,ϵ). Because 400ϵ<1, choose τ∈(0,τ0]∩(0,1/2) so small that (400ϵ)2−1/τ>400ϵ/δ.

1.2L4assume-contrachoose

Suppose for contradiction that some nonempty C5-free graph satisfies κ(G)<∣V(G)∣τ. Choose such a graph of minimum order. Then [L4] makes it τ-critical.

2.1step 1.1step 1.2L5algebra

Apply the last sentence of step 1.1 to this minimal counterexample. There is a set X⊆V(G) with ∣X∣≥δ∣V(G)∣ such that one of G[X] or G‾[X] has maximum degree at most ϵδ∣V(G)∣. If the low-degree graph is G‾[X], replace G by its complement. This preserves the order, preserves κ because complement swaps cliques and stable sets, preserves τ-criticality because induced subgraphs and complements commute, and preserves C5-freeness because C5≅C5‾. So after this replacement we may assume that G[X] itself has maximum degree at most ϵδ∣V(G)∣.

3.1step 2.1L2L3discharge-contradiction

Apply [L2] to the τ-critical graph G and the set X. We obtain a rooted stable-tooth comb (v, ((ai,Bi):1≤i≤t)) in G[X] such that t≥1/(400ϵ) and ∣Bi∣≥δ∣V(G)∣/(400ϵt2) for each i. If some block Bi meets another block Bj by an edge, then [L3] gives an induced C5 in G, impossible. Therefore the blocks B1,…,Bt are pairwise anticomplete.

4.1step 1.2step 3.1L5algebra

Each Bi is a proper induced subgraph of G, so τ-criticality and [L5] give ∣Bi∣τ≤κ(Bi)=α(Bi)ω(Bi)≤α(Bi)ω(G). Hence α(Bi)≥∣Bi∣τ/ω(G)≥(δ∣V(G)∣/(400ϵt2))τ/ω(G).

5.1step 4.1L5algebra

Because the blocks are pairwise anticomplete, stable sets chosen inside different Bi may be united. Thus α(G)≥∑i=1tα(Bi)≥t(δ∣V(G)∣/(400ϵt2))τ/ω(G). Multiplying by ω(G) and using [L5], κ(G)≥t(δ∣V(G)∣/(400ϵt2))τ. Since step 1.2 assumes κ(G)<∣V(G)∣τ, cancelling ∣V(G)∣τ yields 400ϵ/δ>t1/τ−2.

6.1step 1.1step 3.1step 5.1discharge-contradiction∎

Step 3.1 gives t≥1/(400ϵ), and step 1.1 has τ<1/2, so 1/τ−2>0. Therefore t1/τ−2≥(1/(400ϵ))1/τ−2=(400ϵ)2−1/τ. Combining with step 5.1 gives 400ϵ/δ>(400ϵ)2−1/τ, contrary to step 1.1. This contradiction proves that no counterexample exists, so every nonempty C5-free graph satisfies κ(G)≥∣V(G)∣τ.

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