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Assuming choice, normality is not productive: the normal lower-limit line has a nonnormal square
Statement
Assuming the Axiom of Choice, the lower-limit line is normal but its square is not normal. Hence normality is not productive, even for a product of two factors.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice and the lower-limit line .
The Axiom of Choice supplies a choice function for every family of nonempty sets, hence for every countably indexed family, which is the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Choice, The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
Under the Axiom of Countable Choice, the lower-limit line is normal (Assuming countable choice, the lower-limit line is normal).
Jones's lemma injects into when a normal space has closed discrete and dense (Jones's bound: under choice, a closed discrete subspace of a normal space cannot have more subsets than a dense set has subsets).
The plane has at most countable and closed discrete with (The lower-limit plane has a countable dense set and a closed discrete antidiagonal of size ).
Cantor's theorem gives no injection , and Schröder-Bernstein turns injections both ways into a bijection (Assuming the Axiom of Choice, , and Cantor's theorem in cardinal form: , The Schröder-Bernstein theorem).
The ternary Cantor-set coding injects into , while injects into ; a rational between distinct reals makes the latter map injective, and (The Cantor set is exactly the set of with every , and this gives a bijection with , ℚ is dense in every Archimedean ordered field, is countably infinite).
Proof
By [A1] and [F1], is normal. Suppose, for a contradiction, that is normal.
Jones's lemma applied to the of [L2] injects into .
The two injections of [L4], with the fixed bijection , give by Schröder-Bernstein. Therefore , while .
Taking direct images under these injections turns step 1.2 into an injection .
This contradicts Cantor's theorem in [L3]. Therefore is not normal, while is normal, proving nonproductivity.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Choice
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Assuming countable choice, the lower-limit line is normal
- Jones's bound: under choice, a closed discrete subspace of a normal space cannot have more subsets than a dense set has subsets
- The lower-limit plane has a countable dense set and a closed discrete antidiagonal of size $|\mathbb{R}|$
- Assuming the Axiom of Choice, $2^{\kappa} = \lvert \mathcal{P}(\kappa) \rvert$, and Cantor's theorem in cardinal form: $\kappa < 2^{\kappa}$
- The Schröder-Bernstein theorem
- The Cantor set is exactly the set of $\sum_{k \ge 1} a_k 3^{-k}$ with every $a_k \in \{0,2\}$, and this gives a bijection with $\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$
- $\mathbb{Q}$ is countably infinite
- ℚ is dense in every Archimedean ordered field
Used by
- Assuming choice, normality is not even finitely productive: two copies of the lower-limit line Counterexample
- Assuming choice, two paracompact lower-limit lines can have a nonparacompact product Counterexample
- Assuming choice, the lower-limit line is normal while its square is regular and nonnormal Example
- Assuming choice, refuted: paracompactness is productive False statement
- Preservation ledger for the separation axioms, with T₁ conventions kept explicit Remark
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 176 results over 23 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- G. Gruenhage, General Topology Course Notes, Sorgenfrey plane and Jones's lemma (standard reference, not scraped)
- Sorgenfrey topology (Encyclopedia of Mathematics) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Sorgenfrey plane (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)