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The skew multiplicity module decomposes with Littlewood–Richardson multiplicities over C

Statement

Let μ⊆λ, m=∣μ∣, r=∣λ∣−m, and let Kλ/μ be the skew multiplicity module of The skew multiplicity module Kλ/μ over C. Then, as a complex Sr-module,

Kλ/μ≅⨁ν⊢r(Sν)⊕cμνλ,

where cμνλ is the Littlewood–Richardson coefficient; the Specht modules and their irreducibility are as in Column antisymmetrizers, polytabloids, and Specht modules, Complex Specht modules are irreducible, and Distinct complex Specht modules are inequivalent. Thus the multiplicity of Sν in Kλ/μ is cμνλ, and its Frobenius characteristic is the skew Schur function sλ/μ=∑ν⊢rcμνλsν (The characteristic of a Specht character is a Schur function, The Littlewood–Richardson rule for products of Schur functions). No choice principle is used.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Partitions μ⊆λ, the integers m=∣μ∣ and r=∣λ∣−m, and the module Kλ/μ.

[F1]

Kλ/μ=Hom⁡C[Sm](Sμ,Vm,rλ) is finite-dimensional; Sr acts by postcomposition on the target, and the Sm and Sr actions on Vm,rλ commute (The skew multiplicity module Kλ/μ over C).

[F2]

For a finite group over C, every subrepresentation of a finite-dimensional representation has an invariant complement, so finite-dimensional representations are completely reducible (Maschke's theorem for finite groups over fields whose characteristic does not divide ∣G∣).

[F3]

The Specht modules Sν for ν⊢r are a complete irredundant list of finite-dimensional irreducible complex Sr-representations; each is nonzero and irreducible, and distinct partitions give inequivalent modules (Specht modules classify the complex irreducibles of Sn, Complex Specht modules are irreducible, Distinct complex Specht modules are inequivalent).

[F4]

For finite groups G,H, the external products of irreducible characters form an orthonormal Z-basis of R(G×H); hence the external product of two irreducible complex representations is irreducible (The character ring of a direct product is the tensor product of the factor character rings).

[F6]

For complex vector spaces, currying gives Hom⁡C(Sν⊗CSμ,V)≅Hom⁡C(Sν,Hom⁡C(Sμ,V)) (Hom-tensor adjunction: Hom⁡R(M⊗RN,P)≅Hom⁡R(M,Hom⁡R(N,P)) with R=C).

[F7]

For finite-dimensional complex representations X,Y of a finite group G, dim⁡Hom⁡G(Y,X)=⟨χX,χY⟩ (The class-function inner product ⟨χV,χW⟩ equals dim⁡Hom⁡G(W,V)).

[F8]

The multiplicity of an irreducible representation of a finite group in a finite-dimensional complex representation is the character inner product (The multiplicity of an irreducible summand is a character inner product).

[F9]

The restriction of χλ to the ordered block subgroup Sm×Sr has coefficient cμνλ on χμ⊠χν (The restriction coproduct is Schur skewing).

[F10]

The Frobenius characteristic is Z-linear on character rings and sends the character of Sν to sν (The Frobenius characteristic map, The characteristic of a Specht character is a Schur function).

[F11]

The skew Schur expansion is sλ/μ=∑νcμνλsν (The Littlewood–Richardson rule for products of Schur functions).

[F12]

For n=0, the empty tableau has column antisymmetrizer 1 and Specht module S∅=C (Column antisymmetrizers, polytabloids, and Specht modules).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1F1F2F3F7F8

The module Kλ/μ is finite-dimensional by [F1], so Maschke's theorem [F2] gives a finite decomposition into irreducibles. By the complete irredundant classification [F3], write Kλ/μ≅⨁ν⊢r(Sν)⊕mν. The character multiplicity formula [F8] gives mν=⟨χK,χν⟩, and the intertwiner-dimension formula [F7] makes this dim⁡Hom⁡Sr(Sν,Kλ/μ).

1.2F1F5F6

Fix ν⊢r and write V=Vm,rλ. The definition [F1] identifies Hom⁡Sr(Sν,Kλ/μ) with Hom⁡Sr(Sν,Hom⁡Sm(Sμ,V)). Under the C-linear currying isomorphism [F6], a map f corresponds to g:Sν⊗CSμ→V, g(y⊗u)=f(y)(u). The condition that each f(y) is Sm-linear is g(y⊗σu)=ιm,r(σ,1)g(y⊗u); the Sr-equivariance of f is g(τy⊗u)=ιm,r(1,τ)g(y⊗u). Since the two actions commute by [F1], these are exactly the equivariance conditions for the product group after flipping y⊗u to u⊗y. By [F5] the flipped source is Sμ⊠Sν, so currying restricts to an isomorphism Hom⁡Sr(Sν,Kλ/μ)≅Hom⁡Sm×Sr(Sμ⊠Sν,V).

2.1F2F3F4F5F7F8F9step 1.2

The character θ=χμ⊠χν is honest by [F3, F5] and has norm one by [F4]. Maschke's theorem [F2] gives a finite decomposition θ=∑iniηi into irreducible characters. By the multiplicity formula [F8], ni=⟨θ,ηi⟩; therefore 1=⟨θ,θ⟩=∑ini⟨θ,ηi⟩=∑ini2, so exactly one constituent occurs once and Sμ⊠Sν is irreducible. Apply [F7] to the Hom space in step 1.2: its dimension is ⟨χV,χμ⊠χν⟩Sm×Sr. The restriction formula [F9] expands χV in the orthonormal external-product basis [F4], with coefficient cμνλ on this term. Thus dim⁡Hom⁡Sr(Sν,Kλ/μ)=cμνλ.

3.1F3step 1.1step 2.1

Comparing steps 1.1 and 2.1 gives mν=cμνλ for every ν⊢r, which proves the displayed Sr-module decomposition. A zero coefficient means the corresponding irreducible does not occur; a coefficient one gives exactly one copy.

4.1F1F7F9F10F11F12step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1∎

Additivity of the Frobenius characteristic and [F10] give ch⁡(Kλ/μ)=∑ν⊢rmνsν; substituting step 3.1 and using the skew expansion [F11] yields ch⁡(Kλ/μ)=sλ/μ. If μ=λ=∅, then m=r=0 and [F1, F12] give K=Hom⁡C(C,C)=C=S∅, with coefficient one. At the endpoints, if m=0, evaluation at 1∈S∅ identifies K with Sλ as an Sr-module; if r=0, then μ=λ and K=End⁡Sm(Sλ) is one-dimensional by steps 1.1 and 2.1, matching the empty-factor coefficient. These cases also show the result at degree zero. All direct sums are finite, indexed by partitions of r, and use Maschke's finite-group decomposition; no choice principle is used.

Depends on

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Nothing in the library uses this result yet.

Cited to discharge well-definedness by The skew multiplicity module K^λ/μ over ℂ.

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