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The skew multiplicity module decomposes with Littlewood–Richardson multiplicities over
Statement
Let , , , and let be the skew multiplicity module of The skew multiplicity module over . Then, as a complex -module,
where is the Littlewood–Richardson coefficient; the Specht modules and their irreducibility are as in Column antisymmetrizers, polytabloids, and Specht modules, Complex Specht modules are irreducible, and Distinct complex Specht modules are inequivalent. Thus the multiplicity of in is , and its Frobenius characteristic is the skew Schur function (The characteristic of a Specht character is a Schur function, The Littlewood–Richardson rule for products of Schur functions). No choice principle is used.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Partitions , the integers and , and the module .
is finite-dimensional; acts by postcomposition on the target, and the and actions on commute (The skew multiplicity module over ).
For a finite group over , every subrepresentation of a finite-dimensional representation has an invariant complement, so finite-dimensional representations are completely reducible (Maschke's theorem for finite groups over fields whose characteristic does not divide ).
The Specht modules for are a complete irredundant list of finite-dimensional irreducible complex -representations; each is nonzero and irreducible, and distinct partitions give inequivalent modules (Specht modules classify the complex irreducibles of , Complex Specht modules are irreducible, Distinct complex Specht modules are inequivalent).
For finite groups , the external products of irreducible characters form an orthonormal -basis of ; hence the external product of two irreducible complex representations is irreducible (The character ring of a direct product is the tensor product of the factor character rings).
The componentwise product is a group, and the external tensor product has action (The external direct product with componentwise multiplication, is a group with identity , coordinatewise inverses, and homomorphic coordinate projections, The character ring of a direct product is the tensor product of the factor character rings).
For complex vector spaces, currying gives (Hom-tensor adjunction: with ).
For finite-dimensional complex representations of a finite group , (The class-function inner product equals ).
The multiplicity of an irreducible representation of a finite group in a finite-dimensional complex representation is the character inner product (The multiplicity of an irreducible summand is a character inner product).
The restriction of to the ordered block subgroup has coefficient on (The restriction coproduct is Schur skewing).
The Frobenius characteristic is -linear on character rings and sends the character of to (The Frobenius characteristic map, The characteristic of a Specht character is a Schur function).
The skew Schur expansion is (The Littlewood–Richardson rule for products of Schur functions).
For , the empty tableau has column antisymmetrizer and Specht module (Column antisymmetrizers, polytabloids, and Specht modules).
Proof
The module is finite-dimensional by [F1], so Maschke's theorem [F2] gives a finite decomposition into irreducibles. By the complete irredundant classification [F3], write . The character multiplicity formula [F8] gives , and the intertwiner-dimension formula [F7] makes this .
Fix and write . The definition [F1] identifies with . Under the -linear currying isomorphism [F6], a map corresponds to , . The condition that each is -linear is ; the -equivariance of is . Since the two actions commute by [F1], these are exactly the equivariance conditions for the product group after flipping to . By [F5] the flipped source is , so currying restricts to an isomorphism .
The character is honest by [F3, F5] and has norm one by [F4]. Maschke's theorem [F2] gives a finite decomposition into irreducible characters. By the multiplicity formula [F8], ; therefore , so exactly one constituent occurs once and is irreducible. Apply [F7] to the Hom space in step 1.2: its dimension is . The restriction formula [F9] expands in the orthonormal external-product basis [F4], with coefficient on this term. Thus .
Comparing steps 1.1 and 2.1 gives for every , which proves the displayed -module decomposition. A zero coefficient means the corresponding irreducible does not occur; a coefficient one gives exactly one copy.
Additivity of the Frobenius characteristic and [F10] give ; substituting step 3.1 and using the skew expansion [F11] yields . If , then and [F1, F12] give , with coefficient one. At the endpoints, if , evaluation at identifies with as an -module; if , then and is one-dimensional by steps 1.1 and 2.1, matching the empty-factor coefficient. These cases also show the result at degree zero. All direct sums are finite, indexed by partitions of , and use Maschke's finite-group decomposition; no choice principle is used.
Depends on
- The skew multiplicity module $K^{\lambda/\mu}$ over $\mathbb C$
- The restriction coproduct is Schur skewing
- The Littlewood–Richardson rule for products of Schur functions
- Maschke's theorem for finite groups over fields whose characteristic does not divide $|G|$
- The multiplicity of an irreducible summand is a character inner product
- Hom-tensor adjunction: $\operatorname{Hom}_R(M\otimes_RN,P)\cong\operatorname{Hom}_R(M,\operatorname{Hom}_R(N,P))$
- The class-function inner product $\langle\chi_V,\chi_W\rangle$ equals $\dim\operatorname{Hom}_G(W,V)$
- The Frobenius characteristic map
- The characteristic of a Specht character is a Schur function
- Specht modules classify the complex irreducibles of $S_n$
- Complex Specht modules are irreducible
- Distinct complex Specht modules are inequivalent
- Column antisymmetrizers, polytabloids, and Specht modules
- The external direct product $G\times H$ with componentwise multiplication
- $G\times H$ is a group with identity $(e_G,e_H)$, coordinatewise inverses, and homomorphic coordinate projections
- The character ring of a direct product is the tensor product of the factor character rings
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
Cited to discharge well-definedness by The skew multiplicity module K^λ/μ over ℂ.
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Sources
- I. G. Macdonald, Symmetric Functions and Hall Polynomials, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1995 (standard reference, not scraped)