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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-01
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Whitney approximation for manifold-valued maps

Statement

Let F:MN be a continuous map between smooth manifolds. Then there exists a smooth map F~:MN homotopic to F.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A continuous map F:MN.

[L1]

The target manifold admits a proper Euclidean embedding (The weak Whitney proper embedding theorem).

[L2]

Continuous Euclidean-valued maps admit smooth approximations with any positive continuous error function, and those approximations can be forced into a prescribed tubular neighbourhood (Whitney approximation for Euclidean-valued maps, A fine Euclidean approximation lands in a prescribed tubular neighbourhood).

[L3]

A closed embedded submanifold has a tubular neighbourhood in its ambient manifold, and homotopy is a continuous map on a product with I=[0,1] (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold, Homotopies of continuous maps, homotopies relative to a subspace, and path homotopies relative to the endpoints).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Choose a proper embedding j:NRm from [L1]. By [L3], the embedded image j(N) has a tubular neighbourhood U with smooth retraction r:Uj(N).

L1L3givenchoose
2.1

Apply the fine-approximation lemma from [L2] to the continuous map jF:MRm and the tubular neighbourhood U, obtaining a positive continuous error function ε whose ε(p)-ball around j(F(p)) lies in U. Then use the Euclidean Whitney theorem from [L2] to obtain a smooth map H:MRm with H(p)j(F(p))<ε(p) for all p, hence with image in U.

L2step 1.1construct
3.1

Define F~:=j1rH. This map is smooth. For each pM and tI, the point (1t)j(F(p))+tH(p) stays in the same ε(p)-ball around j(F(p)), hence stays in U by step 2.1. Since r fixes j(N) pointwise, the formula (p,t)j1(r((1t)j(F(p))+tH(p))) is therefore well defined and continuous on M×I, and it gives a homotopy from F to F~ in the sense of [L3].

L3step 1.1step 2.1algebra

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Sources