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The Whitney move removes a cancelling pair of intersection points
Statement
Assume . Let be a clean framed Whitney bigon for two complementary embedded sheet neighbourhoods along its boundary arcs, , with an admissible extended disk-normal frame and fixed compatible corner collars. Then its local model gives a compactly supported auxiliary ambient isotopy , applied to the first sheet while the second is held fixed, removing exactly its two prescribed intersections and creating none. It is the identity near the boundary of the selected first-sheet patch and near all other intersections. For globally embedded closed sheets this gives an ambient isotopy carrying to an embedded with . For a source immersion patch the construction is an isotopy of that patch relative to its boundary; extending it by the unchanged map on the remaining source gives a regular homotopy when the supporting tube meets no other source-image branches. The local model requires an actual admissible framed disk, and asserts no simultaneous ambient action on both images.
Facts & Assumptions
A clean framed Whitney bigon has a smooth adapted tube with exactly the two prescribed sheet inverse images, preserving its normal quotient framing. A clean framed Whitney bigon has an adapted tube
Under Countable Choice every compactly supported smooth vector field is complete. Compactly supported smooth vector fields are complete
Time maps of a smooth flow are diffeomorphisms with inverse the reverse-time map. Time-t flow maps are diffeomorphisms between open domains
The explicit compactly supported vector field moves the first model sheet and compares it with the unchanged second sheet. The local Whitney move
A compact set inside an open Euclidean set admits a smooth bump; taking its open support neighbourhood relatively compact gives compact support. A Euclidean bump for a compact set inside an open set
Proof
Given: Countable choice, a clean bigon with an admissible smooth normal frame , and the selected first-sheet patch with its fixed boundary collars.
Apply the adapted-tube lemma to the supplied smooth clean framed bigon and its compatible corner collars. It gives an open plane extension and a uniformly thin embedded tube whose sheet inverse images are precisely the two extended edges with their respective normal blocks. The affine-in- plane change sends the upper edge of to and the lower edge to ; its determinant is even at the two corners. Reparametrize the tube by this diffeomorphism, keeping the coordinates. The selected sheets are therefore exactly and on the adapted neighbourhood.
Choose small and the transition of close to the two corners. The swept plane set is compact, as the continuous image of a compact product; these choices put inside the open plane tube domain , since the swept segments lie in the bigon plus an arbitrarily thin collar. Choose a compact neighbourhood of inside using finitely many sufficiently small closed balls, and a relatively compact open set with . The Euclidean bump supplier gives on with support in ; its support is compact since it is closed and lies in the compact . Choose the smooth normal cutoff with compact support in the normal tube balls, equal to one near zero, and with . The model vector field is then smooth and compactly supported in the tube. On the first sheet it keeps fixed and takes to : the entire trajectory belongs to the swept segment in , where . Its support avoids the tube boundary and selected patch boundary. Transport it and extend it by zero to a compactly supported smooth ambient vector field on . Compact-support completeness gives its global smooth flow, and the flow time maps are diffeomorphisms with inverse the negative-time map. This is the asserted auxiliary isotopy.
At a possible intersection of the moved first sheet with the fixed second one must have and . At time one the second coordinate of the moved sheet is , since . For it is . Outside that interval , and , including where . Hence no model intersection remains. The first sheet stays embedded because the auxiliary time map is a diffeomorphism. The tube can avoid every remaining sheet part outside its designated arc collars: the disk interior is clean, and the closed sheet parts outside smaller designated collar neighbourhoods are disjoint from the compact disk and can be excluded by shrinking its neighbourhood, while the product charts handle the endpoints. All intersections outside the tube are fixed.
For global embedded sheets, apply this auxiliary isotopy to and compare with the unchanged , obtaining the asserted . For an immersion patch , set on and outside . Agreement on an open collar of makes these formulas smooth. On , the derivative is and remains injective; outside it is unchanged. Tube avoidance of all other source-image branches excludes extra coincidences. Intermediate intersections with the fixed second sheet may be tangent, while each source branch remains immersed. The cancellation formula at time one follows from step 3.1. The map on the whole source would preserve all coincidences and is not this construction.
Depends on
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- The local Whitney move
- Whitney disk, clean Whitney disk and framed Whitney disk
- A clean framed Whitney bigon has an adapted tube
- A Euclidean bump for a compact set inside an open set
- Smooth embeddings
- Compactly supported smooth vector fields are complete
- Time-t flow maps are diffeomorphisms between open domains
Used by
- A local Whitney move in Euclidean space Example
- Belt-sphere complements in low handle levels preserve the fundamental group Lemma
- Whitney disjunction removes algebraically cancelling double points Proposition
- The high-dimensional Whitney trick Theorem
- The Whitney trick in the codimension-two borderline case Theorem
Cited to discharge well-definedness by The local Whitney move.
Dependency tree · two levels
37 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- John Milnor, Lectures on the h-Cobordism Theorem (notes by L. Siebenmann and J. Sondow, Princeton University Press 1965; scanned edition with searchable text layer) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Andrew Ranicki, Algebraic and Geometric Surgery (Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford University Press 2002; complete electronic copy) (standard reference, not scraped)