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How statement and proof provenance work

The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.

  • Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
  • AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
  • AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.

These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.

15 results · all verified · 12 also independently AI-judged
Every result on this page is machine-checked by a proof checker and read in full and owner-audited; the judge is an additional, independent cross-model AI review of the proofs. The 3 not AI-judged were verified by owner audit (typically over a confirmed judge false positive), not failures.

Enriched Categories — Examples

1 · Prerequisites

2 · Summary

These examples and false statements make the enriched dictionary concrete. The positive side shows how strict 2-categories, preorders, Lawvere metric spaces, rings, powers in Set, and underlying-set change of base fit the abstract definitions. The negative side isolates the traps that motivated the A page: underlying hom-set bijections need not detect cotensors, conical limits are not just ordinary limits, constant enriched functors can fail, the underlying ordinary category can forget structure, large-source Yoneda does not construct an entire enriched functor category, and a monoidal category can carry more than one symmetry.

3 · Logical flowchart

4 · Definitions, theorems and proofs

None yet.

5 · Examples, counterexamples and false statements

ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05 rests on unproved material (inherited)Open item page →
Rests on 3 statements not proved in this library, by way of the results it cites. This item cites no such statement directly; it depends on results that do. The unproved premises it inherits are Cohen's first model: an infinite Dedekind-finite set of reals, Sierpiński 1947: the generalised continuum hypothesis implies the Axiom of Choice and The continuum hypothesis and its generalisation are independent of ZFC. Each is recorded with a citation to the literature and is not established here, because the track that would prove it has not yet been developed in this library. Everything else in this proof is proved here.

A strict 2-category read as a Cat-enriched category

Example

Let K be any strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories. Then K itself is an example of a Cat-enriched category: the hom-object from A to B is the hom-category K(A,B), and enriched composition is horizontal composition.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A strict 2-category K with a set of objects and small hom-categories.

[L1]

Such a strict 2-category is exactly the same thing as a Cat-enriched category (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

The hom-categories, horizontal composition, and identity 1-morphisms of K are exactly the data that [L1] identifies with the hom-objects, enriched composition, and enriched identities of a Cat-enriched category.

L1given
2.1

Therefore every such strict 2-category is read directly as a Cat-enriched category.

step 1.1
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

A preordered set read as a category enriched in the two-element lattice

Example

Let (P,) be a preordered set. Define a 2-valued hom-object by P(x,y)=1 exactly when xy and 0 otherwise. Then P is a 2-enriched category.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A preordered set (P,).

[L1]

A 2-enriched category is exactly a preordered set (A category enriched in the two-element lattice is a preordered set).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

The displayed hom-object assignment is the standard construction used in [L1]. Reflexivity gives the enriched identities and transitivity gives enriched composition.

L1given
2.1

Hence the preorder (P,) is an example of a 2-enriched category.

step 1.1
ExampleConstruction: AI-adaptedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-05Open item page →

A Lawvere metric space as an enriched category

Example

Let (X,d) be a metric space. Regard [0,] as a preorder with the reverse order , tensor product +, and unit 0. Defining the hom-object from x to y to be the number d(x,y) makes X into an [0,]-enriched category.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A metric space (X,d).

[L2]

A V-category is encoded by identities and composition in the base preorder (Enriched category over a monoidal base).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

Because the unit of the base is 0, the identity axiom for [L2] is exactly the statement 0d(x,x), which holds by [L1].

L1L2given
1.2

The composition axiom in the reversed-order preorder is d(y,z)+d(x,y)d(x,z), which is exactly the triangle inequality from [L1].

L1L2
2.1

Therefore every metric space is a Lawvere-style enriched category over the base ([0,],,+,0).

step 1.1step 1.2
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05 rests on unproved material (inherited)Open item page →
Rests on 3 statements not proved in this library, by way of the results it cites. This item cites no such statement directly; it depends on results that do. The unproved premises it inherits are Cohen's first model: an infinite Dedekind-finite set of reals, Sierpiński 1947: the generalised continuum hypothesis implies the Axiom of Choice and The continuum hypothesis and its generalisation are independent of ZFC. Each is recorded with a citation to the literature and is not established here, because the track that would prove it has not yet been developed in this library. Everything else in this proof is proved here.

A ring as a one-object Ab-enriched category

Example

Every ring R determines a one-object Ab-enriched category whose single hom-object is the additive group of R and whose enriched composition is multiplication in R.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A ring R.

[L1]

A one-object preadditive category is the same thing as a ring (A one-object preadditive category is the same thing as a ring).

[L2]

A preadditive category is exactly an Ab-enriched category (Ab-enriched categories are exactly preadditive categories).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1], R is the endomorphism ring of a one-object preadditive category.

L1given
2.1

Applying [L2] to that preadditive category turns it into a one-object Ab-enriched category, with the additive group of R as hom-object and ring multiplication as enriched composition.

L2step 1.1
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05 rests on unproved material (inherited)Open item page →
Rests on 3 statements not proved in this library, by way of the results it cites. This item cites no such statement directly; it depends on results that do. The unproved premises it inherits are Cohen's first model: an infinite Dedekind-finite set of reals, Sierpiński 1947: the generalised continuum hypothesis implies the Axiom of Choice and The continuum hypothesis and its generalisation are independent of ZFC. Each is recorded with a citation to the literature and is not established here, because the track that would prove it has not yet been developed in this library. Everything else in this proof is proved here.

The underlying category of a Cat-enriched category forgets the 2-cells

Example

Let K be a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories, viewed as a Cat-enriched category. Then its underlying ordinary category has the same objects and the same 1-morphisms, but no nonidentity 2-cells.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A strict 2-category K with a set of objects and small hom-categories.

[L1]

Strict 2-categories and Cat-enriched categories are the same data in the present size range (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).

[L2]

The underlying ordinary category of a Cat-enriched category keeps only the objects of each hom-category (The underlying category can lose genuinely enriched information).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

Read K as a Cat-enriched category using [L1].

L1given
2.1

Then [L2] says that the hom-set in the underlying category is the set of objects of the corresponding hom-category of K. Those objects are the 1-morphisms, while the 2-morphisms are morphisms inside the hom-category and are forgotten.

L2step 1.1
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

A cotensor in Set is a power

Example

In Set, the cotensor of a set C by a set X is the power CX.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Sets X and C.

[L1]

In the special case V=Set, cotensors are powers (Tensor and cotensor in a V-category).

[L2]

The power CX is characterized by the bijection Set(B,CX)Set(X,Set(B,C)) (The power and the copower of an object by a set).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

The universal property in [L2] is exactly the Set-instance of the cotensor formula from [L1].

L1L2given
2.1

Therefore the cotensor of C by X in Set is the power CX.

step 1.1
CounterexampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-05Open item page →

A bijection of hom-sets that does not exhibit a cotensor

Statement refuted

If one finds the expected bijection of ordinary hom-sets for a candidate cotensor object, then the candidate is a cotensor.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The one-object Cat-enriched witness from the theorem page.

[L1]

There is a candidate object with the right underlying hom-set bijection but the wrong enriched hom-object, so it is not a cotensor (A bijection on underlying hom-sets need not exhibit a cotensor).

Counterexample

technique · direct
1.1

In the witness of [L1], the sole hom-category is the one-object category E with endomorphism monoid N, and the weight X is the discrete two-object category. The candidate is the sole enriched object. Its underlying hom-set and the underlying set of [X,E] are both singletons, so the required underlying bijection is present and is natural in the only test object.

L1given
2.1

The enriched cotensor property would require E[X,E]E×E. This is impossible because the endomorphism monoids N and N2 are not isomorphic. Thus the candidate has the expected natural underlying hom-set bijection but is not a cotensor.

L1step 1.1
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

Change of base along the underlying-set functor

Example

Let A be an Ab-enriched category. Changing base along the underlying-set functor U:AbSet gives the ordinary category whose hom-sets are the underlying sets of the abelian-group homs.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An Ab-enriched category A.

[L1]

The underlying ordinary category construction is change of base along the underlying-hom or underlying-set functor (The underlying ordinary category is change of base along the underlying-hom functor).

Verification

technique · direct
1.1

Apply [L1] with base functor U:AbSet.

L1given
2.1

The result keeps the same objects and replaces each abelian-group hom-object by its underlying set, so one recovers the ordinary category obtained by forgetting addition on homs.

step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: a conical limit in an enriched category is just a limit in the underlying category

Statement

A conical limit in an enriched category is nothing more than an ordinary limit in the underlying category.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The conical-limit comparison results from the A page.

[L2]

A conical enriched limit is stronger than an underlying ordinary limit (A conical enriched limit is stronger than a limit in the underlying category).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

If the statement were true, then conical enriched limits and underlying ordinary limits would coincide.

given
1.2

A concrete failure occurs for V=Cat. Let M be the strict 2-category freely generated by objects a,b, a 1-cell f:ab, and a nonidentity 2-cell α:ff. Its underlying category is the walking-arrow category, so b is the ordinary product b×b. But a conical product would require M(a,b)M(a,b)×M(a,b) as categories. Here M(a,b) is the one-object category with endomorphism monoid N, which is not isomorphic to its square. Thus this ordinary product is not conical.

L2construct
2.1

Hence the converse of [L2] fails: an underlying ordinary limit need not satisfy the enriched conical universal property. The displayed statement is false.

step 1.2
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: every enriched category has constant enriched functors

Statement

Every enriched category admits constant enriched functors.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The A-page obstruction theorem.

[L1]

Constant enriched functors need not exist (Constant enriched functors need not exist).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

The theorem [L1] gives an enriched category whose underlying ordinary constant functor has no enriched lift.

L1given
2.1

That witness contradicts the universal assertion in the statement. Hence the statement is false.

step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: the underlying ordinary category determines the enriched category

Statement

The underlying ordinary category determines the full enriched category.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The information-loss remark from the A page.

[L1]

The underlying category can lose enriched information, for instance 2-cells in Cat-enrichment (The underlying category can lose genuinely enriched information).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

By [L1], distinct enriched hom-objects can induce the same underlying ordinary hom-set data.

L1given
2.1

Therefore the underlying ordinary category does not determine all enriched structure, so the statement is false.

step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-05 rests on unproved material (inherited)Open item page →
Rests on 3 statements not proved in this library, by way of the results it cites. This item cites no such statement directly; it depends on results that do. The unproved premises it inherits are Cohen's first model: an infinite Dedekind-finite set of reals, Sierpiński 1947: the generalised continuum hypothesis implies the Axiom of Choice and The continuum hypothesis and its generalisation are independent of ZFC. Each is recorded with a citation to the literature and is not established here, because the track that would prove it has not yet been developed in this library. Everything else in this proof is proved here.

FALSE: a Cat-enriched category is the same thing as a strict 2-category without smallness hypotheses

Statement

A Cat-enriched category is the same thing as a strict 2-category, with no extra size hypotheses.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The dictionary theorem on the A page.

[L1]

A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category only when the object set is a set and the hom-categories are small (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

The theorem [L1] states the precise equivalence and includes the smallness hypotheses as part of the claim.

L1given
2.1

Removing those hypotheses enlarges the statement beyond [L1], so the displayed unrestricted claim is false.

step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: an enriched natural transformation is only a natural transformation of the underlying functors

Statement

An enriched natural transformation is nothing more than an ordinary natural transformation between the underlying functors.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The strengthened-naturality remark from the A page.

[L1]

Enriched naturality is strictly stronger than ordinary naturality of the underlying components (Enriched naturality can be strictly stronger than ordinary naturality of the underlying components).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

The theorem-page remark [L1] already identifies the failure: the component data may look ordinary, but the enriched naturality square asks for more.

L1given
2.1

So the statement that enriched naturality is only ordinary naturality is false.

step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: the strong enriched Yoneda lemma for a large category constructs the whole enriched functor category

Statement

For a large enriched category, the strong enriched Yoneda lemma automatically constructs the whole enriched functor category.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The strong Yoneda theorem and its size warning.

[L1]

The strong enriched Yoneda lemma constructs a particular end (Strong enriched Yoneda lemma as a particular end).

[L2]

That particular end is a different size claim from the existence of the whole enriched functor category (The particular Yoneda end and the enriched functor category have different size requirements).

[L3]

Full faithfulness of the Yoneda assignment does not add the missing large-source functor-category existence hypothesis (The enriched Yoneda assignment is fully faithful).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

The theorem [L1] proves only the existence of one end attached to one representable functor.

L1given
2.1

By [L2], that does not construct the whole enriched functor category for a large source, and [L3] does not change that size issue. Therefore the statement is false.

L2L3step 1.1
False statementConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-generatedprecheck passjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-05Open item page →

FALSE: a monoidal category carries at most one symmetry

Statement

A monoidal category carries at most one symmetry.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The monoidal category of Z/2-graded vector spaces over a field of characteristic different from 2.

[L1]

A symmetry is a braiding cX,Y with cY,XcX,Y=1 (Symmetric monoidal category).

Refutation

technique · direct
1.1

On Z/2-graded vector spaces, the ordinary swap xyyx and the Koszul swap xy(1)xyyx are two natural symmetries of the same tensor product. Because the characteristic is not 2, these two maps differ on odd-degree simple tensors.

L1given
2.1

Since these two symmetries differ on odd-degree simple tensors, the monoidal category has more than one symmetry. Therefore the statement is false.

step 1.1

Sources