How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Enriched Categories — Examples
1 · Prerequisites
- Abelian Categories
- Adjunctions Units and Counits
- Binary Operations, Monoids, Groups and Subgroups
- Braided and Symmetric Monoidal Categories
- Cardinal Arithmetic, Cofinality and the Alephs
- Categories, Functors and Natural Transformations
- Closed Monoidal Categories and the Internal Hom
- Construction of the Natural Numbers
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Cauchy Sequences
- Construction of the Real Numbers via Dedekind Cuts
- Cosets, Index and Lagrange's Theorem
- Countability and Uncountability
- Ends Coends and Weighted Limits
- Enriched Categories
- Finite Counting, Factorials and Binomial Coefficients
- Foundations of the Real Numbers for Analysis
- Free Modules, Exact Sequences, Projective and Injective Modules
- Group Homomorphisms and the Isomorphism Theorems
- Limits and Colimits
- Metric Spaces
- Modules over a Principal Ideal Domain and the Canonical Forms
- Modules, Submodules, Quotient Modules and the Isomorphism Theorems
- Monoidal Categories and Monoidal Functors
- Normal Subgroups and Quotient Groups
- Order, Zorn's Lemma, and the Axiom of Choice
- Ordinal Arithmetic and the First Uncountable Ordinal
- Ordinals, Cardinals, and Transfinite Recursion
- Preadditive and Additive Categories and Biproducts
- Relations, Functions, and Quotients
- Rings, Subrings, Integral Domains and Fields
- Set Theory Beyond Choice: Recorded, Not Proved Here
- Suprema and Infima
- Tensor Products of Modules
- The ZFC Axioms and the Basic Set Constructions
- Universal Properties, Representables and the Yoneda Lemma
2 · Summary
These examples and false statements make the enriched dictionary concrete. The
positive side shows how strict 2-categories, preorders, Lawvere metric spaces,
rings, powers in Set, and underlying-set change of base fit the abstract
definitions. The negative side isolates the traps that motivated the A page:
underlying hom-set bijections need not detect cotensors, conical limits are not
just ordinary limits, constant enriched functors can fail, the underlying
ordinary category can forget structure, large-source Yoneda does not construct
an entire enriched functor category, and a monoidal category can carry more
than one symmetry.
3 · Logical flowchart
4 · Definitions, theorems and proofs
None yet.
5 · Examples, counterexamples and false statements
A strict 2-category read as a Cat-enriched category
Example
Let be any strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories. Then itself is an example of a -enriched category: the hom-object from to is the hom-category , and enriched composition is horizontal composition.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories.
Such a strict 2-category is exactly the same thing as a -enriched category (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).
Verification
The hom-categories, horizontal composition, and identity 1-morphisms of are exactly the data that [L1] identifies with the hom-objects, enriched composition, and enriched identities of a -enriched category.
Therefore every such strict 2-category is read directly as a -enriched category.
A preordered set read as a category enriched in the two-element lattice
Example
Let be a preordered set. Define a -valued hom-object by exactly when and otherwise. Then is a -enriched category.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A preordered set .
A -enriched category is exactly a preordered set (A category enriched in the two-element lattice is a preordered set).
Verification
The displayed hom-object assignment is the standard construction used in [L1]. Reflexivity gives the enriched identities and transitivity gives enriched composition.
Hence the preorder is an example of a -enriched category.
A Lawvere metric space as an enriched category
Example
Let be a metric space. Regard as a preorder with the reverse order , tensor product , and unit . Defining the hom-object from to to be the number makes into an -enriched category.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A metric space .
A metric satisfies and the triangle inequality (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric).
A -category is encoded by identities and composition in the base preorder (Enriched category over a monoidal base).
Verification
Because the unit of the base is , the identity axiom for [L2] is exactly the statement , which holds by [L1].
The composition axiom in the reversed-order preorder is , which is exactly the triangle inequality from [L1].
Therefore every metric space is a Lawvere-style enriched category over the base .
A ring as a one-object Ab-enriched category
Example
Every ring determines a one-object -enriched category whose single hom-object is the additive group of and whose enriched composition is multiplication in .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A ring .
A one-object preadditive category is the same thing as a ring (A one-object preadditive category is the same thing as a ring).
A preadditive category is exactly an -enriched category (Ab-enriched categories are exactly preadditive categories).
Verification
By [L1], is the endomorphism ring of a one-object preadditive category.
Applying [L2] to that preadditive category turns it into a one-object -enriched category, with the additive group of as hom-object and ring multiplication as enriched composition.
The underlying category of a Cat-enriched category forgets the 2-cells
Example
Let be a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories, viewed as a -enriched category. Then its underlying ordinary category has the same objects and the same 1-morphisms, but no nonidentity 2-cells.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories.
Strict 2-categories and -enriched categories are the same data in the present size range (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).
The underlying ordinary category of a Cat-enriched category keeps only the objects of each hom-category (The underlying category can lose genuinely enriched information).
Verification
Read as a -enriched category using [L1].
Then [L2] says that the hom-set in the underlying category is the set of objects of the corresponding hom-category of . Those objects are the 1-morphisms, while the 2-morphisms are morphisms inside the hom-category and are forgotten.
A cotensor in Set is a power
Example
In , the cotensor of a set by a set is the power .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Sets and .
In the special case , cotensors are powers (Tensor and cotensor in a V-category).
The power is characterized by the bijection (The power and the copower of an object by a set).
Verification
The universal property in [L2] is exactly the -instance of the cotensor formula from [L1].
Therefore the cotensor of by in is the power .
A bijection of hom-sets that does not exhibit a cotensor
Statement refuted
If one finds the expected bijection of ordinary hom-sets for a candidate cotensor object, then the candidate is a cotensor.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The one-object Cat-enriched witness from the theorem page.
There is a candidate object with the right underlying hom-set bijection but the wrong enriched hom-object, so it is not a cotensor (A bijection on underlying hom-sets need not exhibit a cotensor).
Counterexample
In the witness of [L1], the sole hom-category is the one-object category with endomorphism monoid , and the weight is the discrete two-object category. The candidate is the sole enriched object. Its underlying hom-set and the underlying set of are both singletons, so the required underlying bijection is present and is natural in the only test object.
The enriched cotensor property would require . This is impossible because the endomorphism monoids and are not isomorphic. Thus the candidate has the expected natural underlying hom-set bijection but is not a cotensor.
Change of base along the underlying-set functor
Example
Let be an -enriched category. Changing base along the underlying-set functor gives the ordinary category whose hom-sets are the underlying sets of the abelian-group homs.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An -enriched category .
The underlying ordinary category construction is change of base along the underlying-hom or underlying-set functor (The underlying ordinary category is change of base along the underlying-hom functor).
Verification
Apply [L1] with base functor .
The result keeps the same objects and replaces each abelian-group hom-object by its underlying set, so one recovers the ordinary category obtained by forgetting addition on homs.
FALSE: a conical limit in an enriched category is just a limit in the underlying category
Statement
A conical limit in an enriched category is nothing more than an ordinary limit in the underlying category.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The conical-limit comparison results from the A page.
A conical enriched limit is stronger than an underlying ordinary limit (A conical enriched limit is stronger than a limit in the underlying category).
Refutation
If the statement were true, then conical enriched limits and underlying ordinary limits would coincide.
A concrete failure occurs for . Let be the strict -category freely generated by objects , a -cell , and a nonidentity -cell . Its underlying category is the walking-arrow category, so is the ordinary product . But a conical product would require as categories. Here is the one-object category with endomorphism monoid , which is not isomorphic to its square. Thus this ordinary product is not conical.
Hence the converse of [L2] fails: an underlying ordinary limit need not satisfy the enriched conical universal property. The displayed statement is false.
FALSE: every enriched category has constant enriched functors
Statement
Every enriched category admits constant enriched functors.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The A-page obstruction theorem.
Constant enriched functors need not exist (Constant enriched functors need not exist).
Refutation
The theorem [L1] gives an enriched category whose underlying ordinary constant functor has no enriched lift.
That witness contradicts the universal assertion in the statement. Hence the statement is false.
FALSE: the underlying ordinary category determines the enriched category
Statement
The underlying ordinary category determines the full enriched category.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The information-loss remark from the A page.
The underlying category can lose enriched information, for instance 2-cells in Cat-enrichment (The underlying category can lose genuinely enriched information).
Refutation
By [L1], distinct enriched hom-objects can induce the same underlying ordinary hom-set data.
Therefore the underlying ordinary category does not determine all enriched structure, so the statement is false.
FALSE: a Cat-enriched category is the same thing as a strict 2-category without smallness hypotheses
Statement
A Cat-enriched category is the same thing as a strict 2-category, with no extra size hypotheses.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The dictionary theorem on the A page.
A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category only when the object set is a set and the hom-categories are small (A Cat-enriched category is exactly a strict 2-category with a set of objects and small hom-categories).
Refutation
The theorem [L1] states the precise equivalence and includes the smallness hypotheses as part of the claim.
Removing those hypotheses enlarges the statement beyond [L1], so the displayed unrestricted claim is false.
FALSE: an enriched natural transformation is only a natural transformation of the underlying functors
Statement
An enriched natural transformation is nothing more than an ordinary natural transformation between the underlying functors.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The strengthened-naturality remark from the A page.
Enriched naturality is strictly stronger than ordinary naturality of the underlying components (Enriched naturality can be strictly stronger than ordinary naturality of the underlying components).
Refutation
The theorem-page remark [L1] already identifies the failure: the component data may look ordinary, but the enriched naturality square asks for more.
So the statement that enriched naturality is only ordinary naturality is false.
FALSE: the strong enriched Yoneda lemma for a large category constructs the whole enriched functor category
Statement
For a large enriched category, the strong enriched Yoneda lemma automatically constructs the whole enriched functor category.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The strong Yoneda theorem and its size warning.
The strong enriched Yoneda lemma constructs a particular end (Strong enriched Yoneda lemma as a particular end).
That particular end is a different size claim from the existence of the whole enriched functor category (The particular Yoneda end and the enriched functor category have different size requirements).
Full faithfulness of the Yoneda assignment does not add the missing large-source functor-category existence hypothesis (The enriched Yoneda assignment is fully faithful).
Refutation
The theorem [L1] proves only the existence of one end attached to one representable functor.
By [L2], that does not construct the whole enriched functor category for a large source, and [L3] does not change that size issue. Therefore the statement is false.
FALSE: a monoidal category carries at most one symmetry
Statement
A monoidal category carries at most one symmetry.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The monoidal category of -graded vector spaces over a field of characteristic different from .
A symmetry is a braiding with (Symmetric monoidal category).
Refutation
On -graded vector spaces, the ordinary swap and the Koszul swap are two natural symmetries of the same tensor product. Because the characteristic is not , these two maps differ on odd-degree simple tensors.
Since these two symmetries differ on odd-degree simple tensors, the monoidal category has more than one symmetry. Therefore the statement is false.
Sources
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Section 3.1
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Section 3.2
- The Stacks Project, Section 12.3
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Sections 3.1 and 3.4
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Section 3.7
- G. M. Kelly, Basic Concepts of Enriched Category Theory, equation (3.45)
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Remark 3.5.11
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Example 7.5.2
- G. M. Kelly, Basic Concepts of Enriched Category Theory, Section 3.9
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Section 3.4
- Emily Riehl, Categorical Homotopy Theory, Section 3.5
- G. M. Kelly, Basic Concepts of Enriched Category Theory, Sections 2.2 and 2.4
- G. M. Kelly, Basic Concepts of Enriched Category Theory, Section 1.4