How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Mackey little-group reduction for an abelian normal subgroup
Statement
Assume AC. Let be a topological semidirect product with continuous automorphism action and product topology, abelian and closed normal, second countable locally compact, and let the dual action of on have regular orbits in the sense of the preceding lemma (equivalently, the orbit space is countably separated). For let and . Then every irreducible strongly continuous unitary representation of is unitarily equivalent to for some and some irreducible strongly continuous unitary representation of , where denotes the representation of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: AC, the semidirect product with abelian closed normal , an irreducible strongly continuous unitary representation of on a separable Hilbert space, and the regular-orbit hypothesis on the dual action.
Restricting to and letting act through satisfies the covariance hypothesis of the spectral lemma: there is a unique regular PVM on with and for all , with the dual action (Spectral measure of a unitary representation of an abelian group, covariance, and ergodicity, The external semidirect product , The Pontryagin dual with the compact-open topology, Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners, Left group actions, transitive actions, and faithful actions).
If is irreducible, the system is ergodic: an invariant spectral projection commutes with and is invariant under , hence carries an invariant closed subspace; irreducibility forces it to be or (Spectral measure of a unitary representation of an abelian group, covariance, and ergodicity, Schur lemma for complex unitary representations).
Under the regular-orbit hypothesis, an ergodic system of imprimitivity on concentrates on a single orbit: there is with , and the orbit is Borel (Ergodic systems with regular orbits concentrate on one orbit).
The dual is second countable and standard Borel by the spectral lemma’s proof step 1.1. The dual action is jointly continuous: for a compact and a compact neighbourhood in , the images , , lie in one compact set; uniform convergence of characters there and continuity of the action give compact-open continuity. For the stabilizer is closed, the orbit map is a continuous bijection onto the Borel orbit, and ; these homogeneous spaces are Polish standard Borel with Borel actions (Spectral measure of a unitary representation of an abelian group, covariance, and ergodicity, The dual of a locally compact abelian group is locally compact abelian, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, Left and right cosets and of a subgroup, Compact lifts and averaging onto C_c(G/H), Second-countable locally compact Hausdorff spaces are Polish, and homogeneous quotients are standard Borel).
Mackey's imprimitivity theorem applies to the transported transitive system: there are a strongly continuous unitary and a unitary intertwining with (Mackey's imprimitivity theorem, Transitive systems of imprimitivity and their normalized measure class, Unitary equivalence of systems of imprimitivity and of the induced representations).
In the normalized induced model of the system concentrated on , the action of is multiplication by the character evaluated at the source point, the gauge commutes with the scalar action of , and the induced formula for gives for a.e. ; since is normal, conjugation by maps onto itself, and strong continuity extends the identity from a countable dense subset of to all of (Haar null classes and Borel descent on a homogeneous space, An induced representation carries a canonical system of imprimitivity on , Borel cross-sections for closed subgroups of second-countable locally compact Hausdorff groups, Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners).
AC is the standing hypothesis (The Axiom of Choice, Systems of imprimitivity for a Borel -space).
Proof
Given: AC, the semidirect product, the irreducible , and the regular-orbit hypothesis.
The representation space is separable even if this was not assumed. For , the closed span of is invariant and hence is the whole space by irreducibility. A countable dense subset exists because is second-countable LCH; strong continuity makes dense in the orbit. Its finite rational-complex linear combinations are countable and dense in the Hilbert space. Thus [F1] applies. It produces , which is ergodic by [F2] and concentrates on a Borel orbit by [F3].
The continuous orbit bijection of [F4] is bimeasurable. Indeed, every open subset of the second-countable LCH quotient is a countable union of compact sets contained in : use a countable base with compact closures and shrink inside . Their images under are compact, hence closed in the Hausdorff dual, so is Borel. This proves measurability of without assuming that is a homeomorphism. Transporting gives a transitive system for on ; acts trivially on the base. By [F5], for a strongly continuous .
Choose the Borel section in with values . For every , the spectral formula makes multiplication by on the orbit, and the reconstruction gauge commutes with this scalar multiplier. Since fixes the base, the induced Radon–Nikodym factor is one and the induced formula gives for a.e. . Intersect these conull sets over a countable dense subset of and fix one in the intersection. Continuity of both sides extends the identity to all at this . Conjugation by maps onto itself, so for all . Put ; it is strongly continuous and . Stabilizer invariance of verifies multiplicativity of this formula in the semidirect product.
is irreducible: if had a nontrivial closed invariant subspace, inducing it would produce a nontrivial closed invariant subspace of , because the quotient measure class has full support so a nonzero fibrewise subspace induces a nonzero closed subspace; this contradicts irreducibility of .
Therefore is unitarily equivalent to with and an irreducible strongly continuous unitary representation of , as claimed; the orbit is the one selected by the spectral PVM, and the inducing class is determined by the system uniqueness theorem.
Depends on
- Mackey's imprimitivity theorem
- Uniqueness in the imprimitivity theorem
- Spectral measure of a unitary representation of an abelian group, covariance, and ergodicity
- Ergodic systems with regular orbits concentrate on one orbit
- The external semidirect product $N\rtimes_\alpha H$
- The Pontryagin dual with the compact-open topology
- The dual of a locally compact abelian group is locally compact abelian
- Strongly continuous unitary representations, invariant linear subspaces and intertwiners
- Systems of imprimitivity for a Borel $G$-space
- Transitive systems of imprimitivity and their normalized measure class
- The Axiom of Choice
- Second-countable locally compact Hausdorff spaces are Polish, and homogeneous quotients are standard Borel
- Compact lifts and averaging onto C_c(G/H)
- Haar null classes and Borel descent on a homogeneous space
- Left and right cosets $gH$ and $Hg$ of a subgroup
- Borel cross-sections for closed subgroups of second-countable locally compact Hausdorff groups
- Schur lemma for complex unitary representations
- An induced representation carries a canonical system of imprimitivity on $G/H$
- Unitary equivalence of systems of imprimitivity and of the induced representations
- Left group actions, transitive actions, and faithful actions
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
Used by
Dependency tree · two levels
129 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- V. S. Sunder, Notes on the Imprimitivity Theorem (ISIBangalore/IMSc lecture notes, 22 pp.) (standard reference, not scraped)
- G. W. Mackey, Imprimitivity for Representations of Locally Compact Groups I, PNAS 35 (1949) 537-545 (Internet Archive capture of the PubMed Central scan) (standard reference, not scraped)
- B. Bekka and P. de la Harpe, Unitary Representations of Groups, Duals, and Characters, arXiv:1912.07262 (AMS Mathematical Surveys and Monographs 250) (standard reference, not scraped)