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A compact-support Cauchy–Pompeiu calculation
Example
Assume AC. Define Then , its Cauchy boundary term on the unit disc is zero, and at the area term in the Cauchy–Pompeiu formula equals .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Full AC and the piecewise-defined function above.
The Wirtinger derivative is (The Wirtinger derivatives and , and antiholomorphic functions).
Under full AC, for a bounded C¹ plane domain, a C¹ function on its closure, and an interior point , Cauchy–Pompeiu gives the boundary Cauchy integral plus the area term; equivalently the area coefficient is (The Cauchy–Pompeiu formula with fixed signs).
Full AC means every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice); in particular it implies countable choice.
On , the polar surface measure is for Borel (The polar surface set function on the unit sphere).
The Jordan content of a closed radius- ball in is (The volume of a radius- closed -ball is ).
for and (The real Gamma functional equation ).
Every closed Euclidean ball is Jordan measurable (Closed Euclidean balls are Jordan measurable and their volumes satisfy the slicing recursion).
Under countable choice, a bounded Jordan measurable set has Lebesgue measure equal to its Jordan content (Lebesgue outer measure is at most Jordan outer content, and a bounded Jordan measurable set is Lebesgue measurable with Lebesgue measure equal to its Jordan content).
Under countable choice, every coordinate hyperplane in is Lebesgue null; in particular is null (A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in ).
Under countable choice, polar coordinates integrate nonnegative Borel functions against (Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma).
Proof
The zero extension is , and its interior derivative is explicit. [F1, given, algebra] The function is on , so is . It is zero for , hence has support in the compact closed unit disc. On , the Wirtinger formula [F1] gives . In particular on and .
The sphere measure in [F4] has total mass . [F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, algebra] For the closed unit disc , [F5] and [F6] give , and [F7] makes Jordan measurable. By [F3], full AC supplies the countable-choice premise of [F8], so . Also [F9] gives . The set in [F4] for is , so its measure is and [F4] yields .
Applying Cauchy–Pompeiu at gives the asserted value of the area term. [F2, F3, F10, step 1.1, step 1.2, given, algebra] The unit disc is a bounded domain, and step 1.1 proves the needed hypothesis for . Full AC [F3] supplies the premise of [F2]. Since on , its boundary term vanishes. For , step 1.1 gives , which extends continuously to at . Put , a nonnegative Borel function on . By [F10] and the sphere mass from step 1.2, Thus the area term equals , as claimed. ∎
Depends on
- The Cauchy–Pompeiu formula with fixed signs
- The Axiom of Choice
- The Wirtinger derivatives $\partial_z f$ and $\partial_{\bar z}f$, and antiholomorphic functions
- The volume of a radius-$r$ closed $n$-ball is $\pi^{n/2}r^n/\Gamma(n/2+1)$
- Closed Euclidean balls are Jordan measurable and their volumes satisfy the slicing recursion
- The real Gamma functional equation $\Gamma(s+1)=s\Gamma(s)$
- Lebesgue outer measure is at most Jordan outer content, and a bounded Jordan measurable set is Lebesgue measurable with Lebesgue measure equal to its Jordan content
- A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in $\mathbb{R}^n$
- The polar surface set function on the unit sphere
- Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma
Used by
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Sources
- Lebl, Tasty Bits of Several Complex Variables, v4.4, Chapter 4 §4.1 (standard reference, not scraped)