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A compact-support Cauchy–Pompeiu calculation

Example

Assume AC. Define f(z)={(1−∣z∣2)2,∣z∣<1,0,∣z∣≥1. Then f∈Cc1(C), its Cauchy boundary term on the unit disc D={∣z∣<1} is zero, and at z=0 the area term in the Cauchy–Pompeiu formula equals f(0)=1.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Full AC and the piecewise-defined function f above.

[F1]

The Wirtinger derivative is ∂zˉf=12(∂xf+i ∂yf) (The Wirtinger derivatives ∂zf and ∂zˉf, and antiholomorphic functions).

[F2]

Under full AC, for a bounded C¹ plane domain, a C¹ function on its closure, and an interior point z, Cauchy–Pompeiu gives the boundary Cauchy integral plus the area term; equivalently the area coefficient is −1/π (The Cauchy–Pompeiu formula with fixed signs).

[F3]

Full AC means every family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice); in particular it implies countable choice.

[F4]

On S1, the polar surface measure is σ(E)=2λ2({rω:ω∈E, 0<r≤1}) for Borel E⊆S1 (The polar surface set function on the unit sphere).

[F5]

The Jordan content of a closed radius-r ball in Rm is Vm(r)=πm/2rm/Γ(m/2+1) (The volume of a radius-r closed n-ball is πn/2rn/Γ(n/2+1)).

[F6]

Γ(s+1)=sΓ(s) for s>0 and Γ(1)=1 (The real Gamma functional equation Γ(s+1)=sΓ(s)).

[F8]
[F9]

Under countable choice, every coordinate hyperplane in Rm is Lebesgue null; in particular {0}⊂{x=0}⊂R2 is null (A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in Rn).

[F10]

Under countable choice, polar coordinates integrate nonnegative Borel functions against rm−1dr dσ (Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The zero extension is Cc1(C), and its interior ∂ˉ derivative is explicit. [F1, given, algebra] The function h(t)=(max⁡{t,0})2 is C1 on R, so f(z)=h(1−∣z∣2) is C1. It is zero for ∣z∣≥1, hence has support in the compact closed unit disc. On D, the Wirtinger formula [F1] gives ∂ζˉf=−2ζ(1−∣ζ∣2). In particular f=0 on ∂D and f(0)=1.

1.2

The sphere measure in [F4] has total mass 2π. [F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, algebra] For the closed unit disc K⊂R2, [F5] and [F6] give cont⁡(K)=V2(1)=π, and [F7] makes K Jordan measurable. By [F3], full AC supplies the countable-choice premise of [F8], so λ2(K)=π. Also [F9] gives λ2({0})=0. The set in [F4] for E=S1 is K∖{0}, so its measure is π and [F4] yields σ(S1)=2π.

2.1

Applying Cauchy–Pompeiu at z=0 gives the asserted value of the area term. [F2, F3, F10, step 1.1, step 1.2, given, algebra] The unit disc is a bounded C1 domain, and step 1.1 proves the needed C1 hypothesis for f. Full AC [F3] supplies the premise of [F2]. Since f=0 on ∂D, its boundary term vanishes. For ζ≠0, step 1.1 gives (∂ζˉf)/ζ=−2(1−∣ζ∣2), which extends continuously to −2 at 0. Put q(x)=max⁡{1−∣x∣2,0}, a nonnegative Borel function on R2. By [F10] and the sphere mass from step 1.2, ∫D(1−∣ζ∣2) dA(ζ)=∫R2q dλ2=2π∫01(1−r2)r dr=π2. Thus the area term equals −1π∫D∂ζˉfζ dA=2π∫D(1−∣ζ∣2) dA=1=f(0), as claimed. ∎

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