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Lebesgue outer measure is at most Jordan outer content, and a bounded Jordan measurable set is Lebesgue measurable with Lebesgue measure equal to its Jordan content
Statement
Let and assume the Axiom of Countable Choice (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Write and for the Jordan outer and inner content of a bounded (Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in ). Then:
- for every bounded , Jordan measurable or not;
- if is bounded and Jordan measurable, with Jordan content , then is Lebesgue measurable and
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural number , the Axiom of Countable Choice, and a bounded set .
Assuming countable choice, , the infimum of over countable covers of by closed rectangles (Countable covers by closed boxes, by open boxes and by closed cubes all compute Lebesgue outer measure).
Assuming countable choice, if and only if is null in the covering sense of closed-cube covers (A subset of has Lebesgue outer measure zero if and only if it is null in the sense of countable closed-cube covers, Measure zero and content zero in by countable and finite cube covers).
Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra, is a complete measure on it and is the restriction of , and every set of Lebesgue outer measure zero is Lebesgue measurable of measure zero (Assuming countable choice, is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and is a complete measure extending elementary volume).
Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable (Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of is Lebesgue measurable).
Every set with is Lebesgue measurable with , and it gives measure to all of them whenever for some (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue measurable of measure (A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in ).
For bounded its Jordan outer content is the infimum of over finite axis-parallel rectangle covers of , its Jordan inner content is the supremum of the same sums over finite families of rectangles contained in whose interiors are pairwise disjoint, and the set is Jordan measurable when the contents agree (Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in , Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space).
A metric-bounded set is Jordan measurable if and only if its boundary is null, equivalently has content zero (A bounded set in is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero).
The boundary of is , the interior is open and contained in , and (Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).
A measure is countably additive on pairwise disjoint measurable sequences (Measures on sigma-algebras), it is monotone (Measures are monotone), and it is finitely and countably subadditive (Finite and countable subadditivity of measures).
The nonnegative extended sum of a sequence in is the supremum of its nondecreasing partial sums (Series in the nonnegative extended real line), and for real sequences whenever throughout (Laws of finite sums and finite products, claim 4; Finite sums and finite products, by recursion).
Proof
A finite cover of by axis-parallel rectangles becomes a countable cover by closed rectangles once it is padded with copies of the degenerate rectangle , whose volume is , and the padded series has the same value, so ; taking the infimum over all finite rectangle covers gives claim 1.
Two closed rectangles and with disjoint interiors meet in a set with empty interior, and that intersection is either empty or the closed rectangle whose -th side is ; a nonempty closed rectangle with empty interior has for some , so it is Lebesgue measurable of measure .
If is bounded and Jordan measurable, then is null in the covering sense, hence and is Lebesgue measurable of measure ; is open, hence Borel and Lebesgue measurable; and because , so is Lebesgue measurable.
Let be closed rectangles contained in with pairwise disjoint interiors and put ; each is a finite union of sets of measure by step 1.2, hence of measure , so additivity on the decomposition gives , and the are pairwise disjoint measurable sets with union , so .
For bounded and Jordan measurable, step 1.3 makes measurable, step 1.1 gives , and step 2.1 with monotonicity gives for every admissible inner family, hence ; since , the two bounds force .
Depends on
- Countable covers by closed boxes, by open boxes and by closed cubes all compute Lebesgue outer measure
- A subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$ has Lebesgue outer measure zero if and only if it is null in the sense of countable closed-cube covers
- Jordan inner and outer content and Jordan measurable bounded sets in $\mathbb{R}^m$
- A bounded set in $\mathbb{R}^m$ is Jordan measurable iff its boundary is null, equivalently of content zero
- Assuming countable choice, $\mathcal{L}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ is a sigma-algebra containing every elementary set and $\lambda_n$ is a complete measure extending elementary volume
- Assuming countable choice, every Borel subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue measurable
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
- A box with a degenerate side is Lebesgue null, and so is every coordinate hyperplane in $\mathbb{R}^n$
- Axis-parallel rectangles in $\mathbb{R}^m$ and their volume
- Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Measure zero and content zero in $\mathbb{R}^m$ by countable and finite cube covers
- Measures on sigma-algebras
- Measures are monotone
- Finite and countable subadditivity of measures
- Series in the nonnegative extended real line
- Laws of finite sums and finite products
- Finite sums and finite products, by recursion
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
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Sources
- T. Tao, An Introduction to Measure Theory (GSM 126), Exercise 1.2.8 (standard reference, not scraped)
- John K. Hunter, Measure Theory (UC Davis lecture notes), Chapter 2 (standard reference, not scraped)