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Poisson kernel transform and Abel summability on the line
Example
Assume countable choice. For , satisfies . For its Abel mean equals and tends to the Lebesgue value at every Lebesgue point as .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: and The Axiom of Countable Choice (), with Fourier transform on complex L1 classes.
Complex FTC and the trigonometric exponential derivative evaluate finite-interval exponential integrals (Complex integration by parts on intervals and decaying lines, The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine, , , and ).
Positive improper integrals agree with Lebesgue integrals (A nonnegative improper Riemann integral on a half-line agrees with the Lebesgue integral).
Inversion applies when the function and transform are integrable (L1 Fourier inversion with an integrable transform).
Absolute product integrability permits Fubini (Fubini's theorem for L^1 functions on a sigma-finite product).
Bounded integrable radial majorants give recovery of Lebesgue values (Lebesgue-point convergence for radial-majorized kernels).
Verification
Put . It is integrable with integral , by F1 on finite half-intervals and F2 for the positive exponential tails. Integration on gives . The omitted absolute tail is , so the half-line transform is . Reflecting the negative half gives . Their sum is .
The rational P_a is bounded on a compact core and bounded by for , hence integrable by the elementary convergent inverse-square improper tail and F2. F3 applied to q_a gives almost everywhere. Both sides are continuous, so equality holds everywhere (a nonzero continuous difference cannot vanish a.e. on an interval). Evenness then gives the stated transform and, at zero, .
In the Abel integral, inserting gives a double absolute bound . F4 exchanges the integrals and step 1.1 identifies the inner inverse integral with , since P_a is even. Thus the mean is , absolutely at every x since P_a is bounded. Finally and is bounded, decreasing and integrable with radial mass one. F5 gives the asserted Lebesgue-point limit. All integral and pointwise suppliers carry the stated countable choice.
Depends on
- Fourier transform on complex L1 classes
- L1 Fourier inversion with an integrable transform
- Translation, modulation, linear dilation and reflection laws
- Lebesgue-point convergence for radial-majorized kernels
- Fubini's theorem for L^1 functions on a sigma-finite product
- A nonnegative improper Riemann integral on a half-line agrees with the Lebesgue integral
- Complex integration by parts on intervals and decaying lines
- The derivatives of sine and cosine are cosine and minus sine
- $\exp(x+iy)=e^x(\cos y+i\sin y)$, $|\exp(x+iy)|=e^x$, and $e^{i\pi}+1=0$
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
Nothing in the library uses this result yet.
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Sources
- Gerald Teschl, Topics in Real and Functional Analysis (2017) (standard reference, not scraped)