Alphabeta Math
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Poisson kernel transform and Abel summability on the line

Example

Assume countable choice. For a>0, Pa(x)=a/(π(a2+x2)) satisfies P^a(ξ)=e2πaξ. For fL1(R) its Abel mean f^(ξ)e2πaξe2πixξdξ equals (fPa)(x) and tends to the Lebesgue value at every Lebesgue point as a0.

Facts & Assumptions

[F2]

Positive improper integrals agree with Lebesgue integrals (A nonnegative improper Riemann integral on a half-line agrees with the Lebesgue integral).

[F3]

Inversion applies when the function and transform are integrable (L1 Fourier inversion with an integrable transform).

[F4]

Absolute product integrability permits Fubini (Fubini's theorem for L^1 functions on a sigma-finite product).

[F5]

Bounded integrable radial majorants give recovery of Lebesgue values (Lebesgue-point convergence for radial-majorized kernels).

Verification

1.1

Put qa(x)=e2πax. It is integrable with integral 1/(πa), by F1 on finite half-intervals and F2 for the positive exponential tails. Integration on [0,R] gives [1e2π(a+iξ)R]/[2π(a+iξ)]. The omitted absolute tail is e2πaR/(2πa), so the half-line transform is 1/[2π(a+iξ)]. Reflecting the negative half gives 1/[2π(aiξ)]. Their sum is a/[π(a2+ξ2)]=Pa(ξ).

F1F2given
2.1

The rational P_a is bounded on a compact core and bounded by a/(πx2) for x1, hence integrable by the elementary convergent inverse-square improper tail and F2. F3 applied to q_a gives P^a(x)=qa(x) almost everywhere. Both sides are continuous, so equality holds everywhere (a nonzero continuous difference cannot vanish a.e. on an interval). Evenness then gives the stated transform and, at zero, Pa=1.

F2F3step 1.1
3.1

In the Abel integral, inserting f^ gives a double absolute bound f1qa1<. F4 exchanges the integrals and step 1.1 identifies the inner inverse integral with Pa(xy), since P_a is even. Thus the mean is fPa, absolutely at every x since P_a is bounded. Finally Pa(y)=a1P1(y/a) and Φ(r)=1/[π(1+r2)] is bounded, decreasing and integrable with radial mass one. F5 gives the asserted Lebesgue-point limit. All integral and pointwise suppliers carry the stated countable choice.

F4F5step 1.1step 2.1

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