Alphabeta Math
ExampleConstruction: Literature-sourcedVerification: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-5.6-terra)audited 2026-09-12
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Poisson kernel transform and Abel summability on the line

Example

Assume countable choice. For a>0, Pa(x)=a/(π(a2+x2)) satisfies P^a(ξ)=e−2πa∣ξ∣. For f∈L1(R) its Abel mean ∫f^(ξ)e−2πa∣ξ∣e2πixξ dξ equals (f∗Pa)(x) and tends to the Lebesgue value at every Lebesgue point as a↓0.

Facts & Assumptions

[F2]

Positive improper integrals agree with Lebesgue integrals (A nonnegative improper Riemann integral on a half-line agrees with the Lebesgue integral).

[F3]

Inversion applies when the function and transform are integrable (L1 Fourier inversion with an integrable transform).

[F4]

Absolute product integrability permits Fubini (Fubini's theorem for L1 functions on a sigma-finite product).

[F5]

Bounded integrable radial majorants give recovery of Lebesgue values (Lebesgue-point convergence for radial-majorized kernels).

Verification

1.1F1F2given

Put qa(x)=e−2πa∣x∣. It is integrable with integral 1/(πa), by F1 on finite half-intervals and F2 for the positive exponential tails. Integration on [0,R] gives [1−e−2π(a+iξ)R]/[2π(a+iξ)]. The omitted absolute tail is e−2πaR/(2πa), so the half-line transform is 1/[2π(a+iξ)]. Reflecting the negative half gives 1/[2π(a−iξ)]. Their sum is a/[π(a2+ξ2)]=Pa(ξ).

2.1F2F3step 1.1

The rational P_a is bounded on a compact core and bounded by a/(πx2) for ∣x∣≥1, hence integrable by the elementary convergent inverse-square improper tail and F2. F3 applied to q_a gives P^a(−x)=qa(x) almost everywhere. Both sides are continuous, so equality holds everywhere (a nonzero continuous difference cannot vanish a.e. on an interval). Evenness then gives the stated transform and, at zero, ∫Pa=1.

3.1F4F5step 1.1step 2.1∎

In the Abel integral, inserting f^ gives a double absolute bound ∥f∥1∥qa∥1<∞. F4 exchanges the integrals and step 1.1 identifies the inner inverse integral with Pa(x−y), since P_a is even. Thus the mean is f∗Pa, absolutely at every x since P_a is bounded. Finally Pa(y)=a−1P1(y/a) and Φ(r)=1/[π(1+r2)] is bounded, decreasing and integrable with radial mass one. F5 gives the asserted Lebesgue-point limit. All integral and pointwise suppliers carry the stated countable choice.

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Sources