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LemmaStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedprecheck passaudited 2026-09-14
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AC supplies the countable and dependent choices used in Banach integration

Statement

In ZF, assume the Axiom of Choice. Then the Axiom of Countable Choice holds. Moreover, if RX×X is a serial relation on a nonempty set X and aX, there is a sequence (xn)nN such that x0=a and xnRxn+1 for every n. Thus AC supplies the prescribed-initial-point form of Dependent Choice.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: ZF and the Axiom of Choice.

[F1]

AC supplies a choice function on any set of nonempty sets (The Axiom of Choice).

[F2]

Countable Choice asks for a choice function on every countable family of nonempty sets (The Axiom of Countable Choice (ACω)).

[F3]

Prescribed-initial-point Dependent Choice asks for a sequence through any serial relation on a nonempty set, beginning at the supplied point (The axiom of dependent choice: a relation in which every element is related to something admits an N-indexed chain).

[F4]

A supplied self-map s:XX and starting point aX determine a unique sequence with x0=a and xn+1=s(xn) (The recursion theorem).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Let (An)nN be a countable family of nonempty sets. Its image A={An:nN} is a set of nonempty sets, so [F1] gives a choice function c on A. Define b(n)=c(An). Then b(n)An for every n, proving [F2]. Repeated members of the family cause no ambiguity because c assigns them the same selected value. The empty subfamily has the empty choice function, and singleton members force their unique values.

F1F2construct
1.2

Let X, R, and a satisfy the second assertion. For xX put Sx={yX:xRy}. Seriality makes every Sx nonempty. Apply [F1] to the set S={Sx:xX}, choose c(S)S for every SS, and define s(x)=c(Sx). This is a well-defined self-map even if two successor sets coincide, and xRs(x) for every x.

F1givenconstruct
2.1

Apply [F4] to s and a. The resulting sequence satisfies x0=a and xn+1=s(xn), hence xnRxn+1 by step 1.2. This is exactly [F3]. If X is a singleton, seriality forces the constant sequence; the empty-set case is excluded by the supplied a. AC is used only for the fixed-family selections in steps 1.1 and 1.2, while recursion makes no further choice.

step 1.2F3F4

Depends on

Used by

Dependency tree · two levels

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Sources