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A blackboard push-off doubles each crossing into mixed crossings
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Countable Choice. Let be an oriented smooth embedded knot with regular oriented diagram in the -plane, and write for its projected immersion. Let be the unit tangent following the projected orientation, and let be the positive quarter-turn in the oriented projection plane. Define This smooth nonzero vector is perpendicular to the spatial tangent of and represents the blackboard normal section. Let be a tubular chart of whose vertical differential at each zero vector induces the identity on the ambient normal quotient. For sufficiently small put oriented by the parameter orientation of . Then is embedded and disjoint from , and the mixed crossings in the projected diagram of consist of exactly two crossings for each crossing of , both with sign . There are no other mixed crossings.
In this positive local chart, and are the original over and under branches, and and are their first-order blackboard offsets in a normalized tubular chart. The crossings are mixed and positive; is a self-crossing of the push-off. The diagram is schematic and is not used in the proof.
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Countable Choice, an oriented smooth embedded knot in , and its regular oriented diagram .
The Axiom of Countable Choice, written (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()).
A regular diagram is an immersion with finitely many transverse double points, no triple points, and finitely many component arcs (Regular oriented link diagrams).
Each crossing sign is the determinant sign of its oriented over and under projected tangents in the oriented projection plane (Oriented crossing signs, diagram writhe, and blackboard framing).
The blackboard vector is the nonzero normal section given by the positive quarter-turn of the projected oriented tangent (Oriented crossing signs, diagram writhe, and blackboard framing).
A smooth map between manifolds of the same dimension with invertible differential at a point is a diffeomorphism on suitable neighborhoods of that point (The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds).
Under , the normal quotient has its smooth vector-bundle structure; a tubular chart is a diffeomorphism fixed on the zero section, and its normalization makes the vertical differential the identity on the normal quotient (Assuming countable choice, normal and conormal bundles are smooth vector bundles, Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds, Compatible tubular neighbourhoods agree near compact sets up to ambient isotopy).
Under , every sufficiently small push-off along a smooth nowhere-zero normal section is an embedded circle disjoint from the original knot (Small framed push-offs define a well-defined self-linking number).
Every open cover of a compact metric space has a positive Lebesgue number, so sufficiently close parameters lie together in one member of a finite cover (Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than lies inside a single member of the cover).
Proof
The zero section of is compact, so after shrinking the parameter interval there is a such that is smooth on , with . The normalized-chart condition says that represents modulo the tangent line spanned by . Therefore and are linearly independent at every . By [F4], is locally injective near every . Compactness of and [F7] give an open diagonal neighbourhood and a uniform such that, for , whenever , the points and , and the points and , lie in one common injectivity chart. Shrink , if necessary, so that it contains no off-diagonal crossing pair; this is possible because there are finitely many such pairs. Hence there are no projected coincidences between the original and offset branches with close parameters, and is locally injective. Choose disjoint small open neighbourhoods of the finitely many ordered crossing pairs of outside ; by [F1], these are the only off-diagonal equalities . The compact complement of and those crossing neighbourhoods contains no such equality, so has a positive minimum there. Smoothness gives uniform convergence , excluding original/offset and offset/offset projected coincidences on this compact complement for sufficiently small . Thus every projected coincidence lies in one of the chosen crossing neighbourhoods.
Fix one crossing disk with disjoint parameter intervals around the over branch and under branch , and with no other branch entering. For , the map has invertible derivative at the original crossing and : its first two columns are and , which are linearly independent by transversality, and its last coordinate is . By [F4], each of the four branch pairs has exactly one transverse projected intersection near this crossing for every sufficiently small . They are, respectively, the original crossing, the two mixed crossings, and the crossing of the two offset branches. The local injectivity from step 1.1 excludes intersections between an original branch and its own offset; it also implies that the four listed crossing points are distinct, since a coincidence between any two would place an original branch and its own offset at the same projected point. Thus there are no triple points in this crossing disk. The strict height order of over at the original crossing persists for all four nearby crossings when is small. The projected tangent determinants are nonzero and vary continuously, so both mixed crossings have sign by [F2].
There are finitely many crossing disks, so choose below all local bounds from steps 1.1 and 2.1. By [F6], the spatial push-off is an embedded circle disjoint from . The projection of has only the finitely many transverse double points described above and no triple points, so it is a regular diagram. Each original crossing disk contributes exactly two mixed crossings, both with the original sign, and step 1.1 excludes all other mixed crossings. Countable Choice is used only through [F6] for the tubular push-off; the finite projected-crossing argument uses no choice.
Depends on
- Oriented crossing signs, diagram writhe, and blackboard framing
- Regular oriented link diagrams
- Normal and conormal bundles of an embedded submanifold
- Assuming countable choice, normal and conormal bundles are smooth vector bundles
- Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds
- Compatible tubular neighbourhoods agree near compact sets up to ambient isotopy
- The smooth inverse function theorem on manifolds
- Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a $\delta > 0$ such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than $\delta$ lies inside a single member of the cover
- Small framed push-offs define a well-defined self-linking number
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
Used by
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Sources
- Danny Calegari, Introduction to Knot Theory, University of Chicago course notes (2025), §3.3, pp. 26–29 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Mohamed Elhamdadi, Mustafa Hajij, and Kyle Istvan, Framed Knots, arXiv:1910.10257v6 (2020), §3, pp. 8–9 (standard reference, not scraped)