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Compatible tubular neighbourhoods agree near compact sets up to ambient isotopy
Statement
Assume . Let be a smooth manifold without boundary, let be a closed embedded submanifold, let be its normal bundle (Normal and conormal bundles of an embedded submanifold), and let be two tubular neighbourhood embeddings of the same open disc bundle whose restrictions to the zero section are the inclusion of (Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds). Assume that and induce the same isomorphism from each vertical fibre to the ambient normal quotient . (The usual normalization makes both induced maps the identity; merely fixing the zero section is insufficient.) Then, after shrinking around the zero section, the two embeddings are isotopic through tubular neighbourhood embeddings fixing pointwise. Consequently, for every compact there is an ambient isotopy of with , compact support, on a neighbourhood of for every (in particular there), and fixing a neighbourhood of in pointwise; when is compact one may take and obtain the agreement on a neighbourhood of all of , with support in any prescribed neighbourhood of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable choice, a boundaryless , a closed embedded submanifold with normal bundle , and two tubular neighbourhood embeddings of the same open disc bundle, both restricting to the inclusion on the zero section and inducing the same vertical-fibre identification with the ambient normal quotient.
A tubular neighbourhood consists of an open neighbourhood of the zero section and a smooth embedding that is a diffeomorphism onto an open neighbourhood of and restricts to the inclusion on the zero section (Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds, Smooth embeddings).
Two tubular neighbourhoods of the same closed embedded submanifold built on the same normal bundle agree after shrinking: there is a diffeomorphism between neighbourhoods of the zero section with , and restricts to the identity on the zero section (Two tubular neighbourhood germs are isomorphic near the zero section).
Under the relative form of the isotopy extension theorem applies to an isotopy of an open subset of a boundaryless manifold whose track image is open: for every compact set there is a compactly supported ambient isotopy agreeing with the isotopy on a neighbourhood of that compact set (The isotopy extension theorem, clause 2). [F1]
The normal bundle is a smooth vector bundle. Its fibre dilations are smooth and are diffeomorphisms for ; in a local bundle chart, smoothness of the total-space maps is ordinary smoothness of their coordinate functions (Normal and conormal bundles of an embedded submanifold, Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds).
Under a smooth partition of unity subordinate to an open cover exists; it permits a positive smooth radius subordinate to locally valid shrinking bounds (Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds with boundary).
Countable choice is inherited from the extension theorem and the tubular-neighbourhood theorem; the local shrinking bounds are patched with smooth partitions of unity (The Axiom of Countable Choice (), Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right).
A compact subset of the manifold is a closed subset of ; a closed set inside an open set admits a smooth cutoff equal to near the closed set (A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set, In a locally compact Hausdorff space every open set containing a point contains an open set containing it whose closure is compact and still inside; such a space is regular).
Proof
By [L1], after restricting their domains near the zero section the two tubular maps have a transition diffeomorphism fixing that section, with . Its differential is the identity on the zero-section tangent space and induces the identity on the vertical normal quotient: the latter follows by composing the equal normal identifications of and . There is no claim that maps a chosen disc bundle onto itself.
For define wherever defined. In a bundle chart write , where the second coordinate is in the fibre over . Fixing the zero section gives and , and the normal derivative condition gives . In these charts the conjugation is . The identity extends smoothly to , with value ; the base component extends to . Thus and the family is smooth up to . Applying the same calculation to gives a smooth inverse family near the zero section. These extensions agree on overlaps, since the positive-time formulas are intrinsic and equality extends to zero by continuity. Every fixes the zero section.
Shrink to a common open disc neighbourhood on which these families are defined and lies in the domain of for all . Such a neighbourhood exists locally over every point of : the maps and inverse maps in step 1.2 are defined on open neighbourhoods of the zero section times the compact parameter interval, so finitely many parameter neighbourhoods give one local fibre-radius bound. Refine the resulting base cover and use [L5] to take a positive smooth radius below the local bounds, shrinking the original disc radii as well. For each positive , is injective on its domain since it is a conjugate of a diffeomorphism; at it is the identity. Its smooth inverse in step 1.2 makes each restriction an open embedding. Put on . Then , , and each is a tubular neighbourhood embedding fixing pointwise. The level-preserving track map is an open embedding: its slice differential is invertible, its time component is the identity, and the inverse is smooth by the inverse family.
Let and define . This is a smooth isotopy of the ambient open set with open track image, and is the inclusion. For a compact , apply [L2] to obtain a compactly supported ambient isotopy agreeing with on a neighbourhood of . Hence near in the normal bundle, and there. Since every fixes the zero section, fixes a neighbourhood of in pointwise.
When is compact, take . Its zero-section track is , which is compact; no compactness of the entire open tubular domain is needed. Every point of this compact track lies in any prescribed open neighbourhood of times . By [L4] choose the relatively compact cutoff for the open-track velocity construction of [L2] inside . The resulting flow is supported in a compact subset of and has the same agreement near all of . This proves all conclusions with the stated normal-identification hypothesis.
Depends on
- The isotopy extension theorem
- Smooth partitions of unity exist on manifolds with boundary
- Two tubular neighbourhood germs are isomorphic near the zero section
- The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold
- Tubular neighbourhoods of embedded submanifolds
- Normal and conormal bundles of an embedded submanifold
- Diffeomorphisms and local diffeomorphisms of manifolds
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Open cover, subcover, and compact topological space; a compact subset is a subspace that is compact in its own right
- Smooth embeddings
- In a locally compact Hausdorff space every open set containing a point contains an open set containing it whose closure is compact and still inside; such a space is regular
- A smooth Urysohn lemma for a closed set in an open set
Used by
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Sources
- Morris W. Hirsch, Differential Topology (Graduate Texts in Mathematics 33, Springer 1976; full text retrieved from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine snapshot of the luis.impa.br course copy), Chapter 8 “Isotopy”, §1, printed pp. 177–183 (Theorems 1.1–1.8 and Exercises 3, 7, 9, 10, 11, 16, printed pp. 182–184) (standard reference, not scraped)
- The Isotopy Extension Theorem (University of California, Riverside, graduate differential topology hand-out, 2010), complete 14-page document: statement and applications of the isotopy extension theorem, uniqueness of tubular and collar neighbourhoods, and the knotted-line counterexample to ambient extension (standard reference, not scraped)