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Forgetting the last n points is locally trivial with fibre Fn of the punctured manifold

Statement

Let M be a Hausdorff topological d-manifold without boundary (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces) with d≥2, let m,n≥1, and let π:Fm+n(M)⟶Fm(M),π(x1,…,xm+n):=(x1,…,xm) be the map forgetting the last n points of an ordered configuration (Ordered configuration spaces Fn(X)). Let q=(q1,…,qm)∈Fm(M) be a base configuration and put Q:={q1,…,qm}, with M∖Q carrying the subspace topology of M and Fn(M∖Q) the ordered configuration space of the punctured manifold (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).

Then there exist an open neighbourhood U⊆Fm(M) of q and a homeomorphism Φ:U×Fn(M∖Q)⟶π−1(U),π∘Φ=pr⁡1, of the product of U with the fibre Fn(M∖Q) onto the part of Fm+n(M) lying over U. The homeomorphism is of the point-moving form Φ(x,y)=(x1,…,xm,hx(y1),…,hx(yn)), where x↦hx is a family of homeomorphisms of M with hx(qj)=xj for 1≤j≤m and with (x,y)↦hx(y) and (x,y)↦hx−1(y) jointly continuous. In particular π is locally trivial at every base configuration, the fibre π−1(x) over x∈U is homeomorphic to Fn(M∖Q), and this chart has the single fibre Fn(M∖Q) over all of U.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A Hausdorff topological d-manifold M without boundary with d≥2, integers m,n≥1, the projection π:Fm+n(M)→Fm(M), and a base configuration q=(q1,…,qm)∈Fm(M) with Q={q1,…,qm}.

[F1]

Points of Fk(X) are the tuples of pairwise distinct points of X, with the subspace topology of Xk, and Fk(X)⊆Xk; a base configuration is such a tuple (Ordered configuration spaces Fn(X), Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace). For x∈Fm+n(M) the first m coordinates form a point of Fm(M), so π is well defined.

[L2]

Every point p of M has an open neighbourhood V and a homeomorphism ϕ:V→O onto an open subset O of Rd, and homeomorphisms are continuous bijections with continuous inverses (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces, Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally).

[L4]

A map f:X→X of a nonempty complete metric space with d(f(u),f(v))≤c d(u,v) for all u,v and a constant c<1 (Lipschitz map, α-Hölder map for rational 0<α≤1, and contraction) has exactly one fixed point (A contraction of a nonempty complete metric space into itself has exactly one fixed point, the limit of the iterates from any starting point).

[L7]

M is Hausdorff, so finitely many distinct points of M have pairwise disjoint open neighbourhoods, and a finite intersection of open sets is open; consequently M∖Q is open in M (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).

[L8]

Vector addition and scalar multiplication of Rd are continuous, so (u,z)↦z+cu is continuous for fixed scalars and z↦∥z∥ is continuous (Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space, A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Chart data. By [L2] and [L7] there are charts ϕj:Vj→Oj with qj∈Vj, Oj⊆Rd open, ϕj(qj)=0, and the Vj pairwise disjoint (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not); m choices are made and no infinite selection occurs. Shrinking Vj if necessary to the inverse image of an open ball, we may suppose Bˉ(0,4ρj)⊆Oj for some ρj>0. Put Sj:=ϕj−1(B(0,2ρj))⊆Vj and Wj:=ϕj−1(B(0,ρj))⊆Sj, and finally U:={x∈Fm(M):xj∈Wj for all j}, which is Fm(M)∩(W1×⋯×Wm) and hence open in Fm(M) with q∈U.

F1L2L3L7
1.2

The bump function. Fix j and put b(z):=max⁡(0,1−∥z∥/(2ρj)) for z∈Rd. Then 0≤b≤1, b(0)=1, b(z)=0 for ∥z∥≥2ρj, b is continuous by [L5] and [L8], and b is Lipschitz with constant 1/(2ρj): for z,z′∈Rd one has ∣b(z)−b(z′)∣≤∣∥z∥−∥z′∥∣/(2ρj)≤∥z−z′∥/(2ρj) by [L3].

L3L5L8
2.1

The radial mover of the coordinate space. Fix j, let b be as in step 1.2 and let u∈Rd with ∥u∥≤ρj; put θu(z):=z+b(z)u. Then: θu is continuous with ∥θu(z)−z∥≤∥u∥ and θu(z)=z whenever ∥z∥≥2ρj; θu is injective, since ∥θu(z)−θu(z′)∥≥∥z−z′∥−∣b(z)−b(z′)∣ ∥u∥≥(1−∥u∥2ρj)∥z−z′∥≥12∥z−z′∥; and θu is surjective, because for w∈Rd the map T(y):=w−b(y)u satisfies ∥T(y)−T(y′)∥≤∥u∥2ρj∥y−y′∥≤12∥y−y′∥ and Rd is complete, so by [L4] it has a fixed point y=T(y), which says exactly θu(y)=w. Hence θu is a bijection of Rd fixing the complement of B(0,2ρj), and θu(0)=u.

step 1.2L3L4L5
3.1

The inverse family and its Lipschitz estimate. With the notation of step 2.1, let y:=θu−1(w) and y′:=θu′−1(w′) for ∥u∥,∥u′∥≤ρj. Since y=w−b(y)u and y′=w′−b(y′)u′, the triangle inequality and the Lipschitz bound of step 1.2 give ∥y−y′∥≤∥w−w′∥+∥u∥2ρj∥y−y′∥+∥u−u′∥≤∥w−w′∥+12∥y−y′∥+∥u−u′∥, hence ∥θu−1(w)−θu′−1(w′)∥≤2(∥u−u′∥+∥w−w′∥). In particular each θu−1 is continuous, so θu is a homeomorphism of Rd by step 2.1, and (u,w)↦θu−1(w) is continuous on {u:∥u∥≤ρj}×Rd. Moreover θu−1(w)=w−b(θu−1(w))u, so ∥θu−1(w)−w∥≤∥u∥≤ρj, and θu−1(w)=w whenever ∥w∥≥2ρj; consequently θu−1 maps B(0,3ρj) into B(0,4ρj)⊆Oj.

step 1.2step 2.1L3L8algebra
4.1

Point-moving homeomorphisms of M. Fix j and x∈U, and put uj:=ϕj(xj). Since θj,uj is a bijection fixing the complement of B(0,2ρj) pointwise, it carries that ball onto itself; its inverse has the same property. Set Kj:=ϕj−1(Bˉ(0,2ρj)). By [L9], Kj is compact and closed in M, and Kj⊂Vj. On the open cover Vj,M∖Kj define hj,x by ϕj−1θj,ujϕj on Vj and by the identity on M∖Kj. The chart formula is defined on all of Vj: it preserves the ball and fixes every point of Oj outside it. The two formulas agree on Vj∖Kj, where θj,uj is the identity, so [L5] gives continuity. Replacing θj,uj by its inverse gives a continuous map hj,x′ on the same cover. Both maps preserve Vj, their chart formulas are mutually inverse, and outside Vj both are the identity; hence they are inverse homeomorphisms of M. Moreover hj,x(qj)=xj, the map fixes M∖Sj pointwise, and it fixes qk for k≠j.

step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1L2L5L9
5.1

Joint continuity of the point-moving family. On U×Vj the formula (x,y)↦ϕj−1(θj,ϕj(xj)(ϕj(y))) is jointly continuous by the continuity of the chart, coordinate projections, and the vector operations in θj,u(z)=z+bj(z)u. On U×(M∖Kj) the formula is (x,y)↦y. These open sets cover U×M and the formulas agree on their overlap by step 4.1. Thus [L5] proves joint continuity of (x,y)↦hj,x(y). The inverse family is jointly continuous by the identical open-cover argument using the estimate of step 3.1.

step 4.1step 3.1F1L2L5L6L8
6.1

The family hx and its inverse. For x∈U put hx:=h1,x∘h2,x∘⋯∘hm,x and hx−1:=hm,x′∘⋯∘h2,x′∘h1,x′. Each factor is a homeomorphism of M supported in the pairwise disjoint open sets Vj, so the factors commute and the two displayed composites are inverse to each other; hence hx is a homeomorphism of M for every x∈U. Moreover hx(qj)=xj for every j, because every factor with index k≠j fixes qj∈Vj⊆M∖Vk by step 4.1. By step 5.1 and [L5] the maps (x,y)↦hx(y) and (x,y)↦hx−1(y) are continuous on U×M. Since hx carries the finite set Q bijectively onto {x1,…,xm}, it restricts to a bijection M∖Q→M∖{x1,…,xm}, and hence induces a bijection Fn(M∖Q)→Fn(M∖{x1,…,xm}) by acting on coordinates.

step 4.1step 5.1F1L5
7.1

The trivialization is well defined. Define Φ(x,y):=(x1,…,xm,hx(y1),…,hx(yn)) for x∈U and y∈Fn(M∖Q). The m+n displayed points are pairwise distinct: the xj are pairwise distinct and so are the hx(yk) by step 6.1, while hx(yk)≠xj=hx(qj) because yk≠qj for y∈Fn(M∖Q). Hence Φ takes values in Fm+n(M), and π(Φ(x,y))=x by construction, so Φ maps U×Fn(M∖Q) into π−1(U)⊆Fm+n(M) and π∘Φ=pr⁡1 holds there.

step 6.1F1
7.2

Φ is continuous. The first m components of Φ are the projections of x, which are continuous by [L6]; the k-th forgotten coordinate is (x,y)↦hx(yk), the composite of the continuous map (x,y)↦(x,yk) with the jointly continuous map (x,y)↦hx(y) of step 6.1; the domain is the subspace U×Fn(M∖Q)⊆U×Mn, and restrictions of continuous maps are continuous. Hence Φ is continuous as a map into the subspace Fm+n(M) of Mm+n by [L6].

step 6.1F1L6
8.1

The inverse trivialization. For (x,z)∈π−1(U), that is x∈U and z∈Fn(M∖{x1,…,xm}), put Ψ(x,z):=(x,hx−1(z1),…,hx−1(zn)), where the first component is the base point x and the second the n-tuple of inverse images. Since hx−1 is injective and zk≠xj=hx(qj) for all k,j, the points hx−1(zk) are pairwise distinct and all outside Q, so Ψ takes values in U×Fn(M∖Q); it is continuous by step 6.1 and [L6] exactly as in step 7.2, and Ψ(Φ(x,y))=(x,y), Φ(Ψ(x,z))=(x,z) because hx−1 inverts hx.

step 6.1step 7.1step 7.2L6
9.1

Conclusion. By steps 7.1, 7.2 and 8.1 the map Φ:U×Fn(M∖Q)→π−1(U) is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse, hence a homeomorphism, and π∘Φ=pr⁡1; restricting Φ to {x}×Fn(M∖Q) exhibits the fibre π−1(x) over any x∈U as homeomorphic to Fn(M∖Q). This is precisely a local trivialization of π at the base configuration q with fibre Fn(M∖Q), and since q was arbitrary the map is locally trivial at every base configuration. The construction used only finitely many choices of charts and radii, so no choice principle is used.

step 7.1step 7.2step 8.1step 6.1L5∎

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