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Forgetting the last points is locally trivial with fibre of the punctured manifold
Statement
Let be a Hausdorff topological -manifold without boundary (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces) with , let , and let be the map forgetting the last points of an ordered configuration (Ordered configuration spaces ). Let be a base configuration and put , with carrying the subspace topology of and the ordered configuration space of the punctured manifold (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace).
Then there exist an open neighbourhood of and a homeomorphism of the product of with the fibre onto the part of lying over . The homeomorphism is of the point-moving form , where is a family of homeomorphisms of with for and with and jointly continuous. In particular is locally trivial at every base configuration, the fibre over is homeomorphic to , and this chart has the single fibre over all of .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A Hausdorff topological -manifold without boundary with , integers , the projection , and a base configuration with .
Points of are the tuples of pairwise distinct points of , with the subspace topology of , and ; a base configuration is such a tuple (Ordered configuration spaces , Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace). For the first coordinates form a point of , so is well defined.
Every point of has an open neighbourhood and a homeomorphism onto an open subset of , and homeomorphisms are continuous bijections with continuous inverses (Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces, Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally).
with the Euclidean norm is a complete metric space for its metric , the norm satisfies the triangle inequality and , and open balls and the metric topology are as in Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space and The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement (For a sequence in converges iff each coordinate sequence converges, is Cauchy iff each coordinate sequence is Cauchy, and is complete in every norm, A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms, The reverse triangle inequality, Each is a norm on , and the induced metrics are exactly , and of the published metric-spaces page, Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space).
A map of a nonempty complete metric space with for all and a constant (Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction) has exactly one fixed point (A contraction of a nonempty complete metric space into itself has exactly one fixed point, the limit of the iterates from any starting point).
A composition and a finite product of continuous maps is continuous, balls are open and form a neighbourhood base, the map is continuous on , and continuous formulas agreeing on the overlaps of an open cover paste to a continuous map (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally, Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined, Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement).
A map is continuous exactly when it is continuous in the product topology, a map into a product is continuous exactly when its components are, and the projection is continuous (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally).
is Hausdorff, so finitely many distinct points of have pairwise disjoint open neighbourhoods, and a finite intersection of open sets is open; consequently is open in (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not, Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison).
Vector addition and scalar multiplication of are continuous, so is continuous for fixed scalars and is continuous (Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space, A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms, Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally).
Closed Euclidean balls are compact without any choice principle (Heine-Borel in : with the Euclidean metric a subset of is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line). Their images under a continuous map into are compact: pull back an open cover to the ball, take a finite subcover, and map it forward. A compact subset of the Hausdorff space is closed (In a Hausdorff space a point and a disjoint compact set, and two disjoint compact sets, have disjoint open neighbourhoods; hence every compact subset is closed, and in a compact Hausdorff space the compact subsets are exactly the closed ones).
Proof
Chart data. By [L2] and [L7] there are charts with , open, , and the pairwise disjoint (Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not); choices are made and no infinite selection occurs. Shrinking if necessary to the inverse image of an open ball, we may suppose for some . Put and , and finally , which is and hence open in with .
The bump function. Fix and put for . Then , , for , is continuous by [L5] and [L8], and is Lipschitz with constant : for one has by [L3].
The radial mover of the coordinate space. Fix , let be as in step 1.2 and let with ; put . Then: is continuous with and whenever ; is injective, since ; and is surjective, because for the map satisfies and is complete, so by [L4] it has a fixed point , which says exactly . Hence is a bijection of fixing the complement of , and .
The inverse family and its Lipschitz estimate. With the notation of step 2.1, let and for . Since and , the triangle inequality and the Lipschitz bound of step 1.2 give hence . In particular each is continuous, so is a homeomorphism of by step 2.1, and is continuous on . Moreover , so , and whenever ; consequently maps into .
Point-moving homeomorphisms of . Fix and , and put . Since is a bijection fixing the complement of pointwise, it carries that ball onto itself; its inverse has the same property. Set . By [L9], is compact and closed in , and . On the open cover define by on and by the identity on . The chart formula is defined on all of : it preserves the ball and fixes every point of outside it. The two formulas agree on , where is the identity, so [L5] gives continuity. Replacing by its inverse gives a continuous map on the same cover. Both maps preserve , their chart formulas are mutually inverse, and outside both are the identity; hence they are inverse homeomorphisms of . Moreover , the map fixes pointwise, and it fixes for .
Joint continuity of the point-moving family. On the formula is jointly continuous by the continuity of the chart, coordinate projections, and the vector operations in . On the formula is . These open sets cover and the formulas agree on their overlap by step 4.1. Thus [L5] proves joint continuity of . The inverse family is jointly continuous by the identical open-cover argument using the estimate of step 3.1.
The family and its inverse. For put and . Each factor is a homeomorphism of supported in the pairwise disjoint open sets , so the factors commute and the two displayed composites are inverse to each other; hence is a homeomorphism of for every . Moreover for every , because every factor with index fixes by step 4.1. By step 5.1 and [L5] the maps and are continuous on . Since carries the finite set bijectively onto , it restricts to a bijection , and hence induces a bijection by acting on coordinates.
The trivialization is well defined. Define for and . The displayed points are pairwise distinct: the are pairwise distinct and so are the by step 6.1, while because for . Hence takes values in , and by construction, so maps into and holds there.
is continuous. The first components of are the projections of , which are continuous by [L6]; the -th forgotten coordinate is , the composite of the continuous map with the jointly continuous map of step 6.1; the domain is the subspace , and restrictions of continuous maps are continuous. Hence is continuous as a map into the subspace of by [L6].
The inverse trivialization. For , that is and , put , where the first component is the base point and the second the -tuple of inverse images. Since is injective and for all , the points are pairwise distinct and all outside , so takes values in ; it is continuous by step 6.1 and [L6] exactly as in step 7.2, and , because inverts .
Conclusion. By steps 7.1, 7.2 and 8.1 the map is a continuous bijection with continuous inverse, hence a homeomorphism, and ; restricting to exhibits the fibre over any as homeomorphic to . This is precisely a local trivialization of at the base configuration with fibre , and since was arbitrary the map is locally trivial at every base configuration. The construction used only finitely many choices of charts and radii, so no choice principle is used.
Depends on
- Ordered configuration spaces $F_n(X)$
- Topological manifolds without boundary: Hausdorff, second-countable, and locally Euclidean spaces
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological
- For $n \ge 1$ a sequence in $\mathbb{R}^n$ converges iff each coordinate sequence converges, is Cauchy iff each coordinate sequence is Cauchy, and $\mathbb{R}^n$ is complete in every norm
- A norm on a real vector space, the induced metric, and the dictionary with the metric axioms
- The reverse triangle inequality
- Each $\lVert\cdot\rVert_p$ is a norm on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and the induced metrics are exactly $d_1$, $d_2$ and $d_\infty$ of the published metric-spaces page
- A contraction of a nonempty complete metric space into itself has exactly one fixed point, the limit of the iterates from any starting point
- Lipschitz map, $\alpha$-Hölder map for rational $0 < \alpha \le 1$, and contraction
- Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the $\varepsilon$-$\delta$ form
- Hausdorff space: distinct points have disjoint open neighbourhoods; every metrizable space is Hausdorff and the indiscrete topology on two points is not
- Topology on a set, open and closed sets, clopen sets, the closed-set axiomatisation, and the coarser/finer comparison
- Continuity may be checked on any open cover, and on any finite closed cover; composites of continuous maps are continuous
- Sums, products, absolute values, finite maxima and minima, and quotients of continuous real-valued maps on a topological space are continuous where defined
- Vector addition and scalar multiplication are continuous in a normed space
- Heine-Borel in $\mathbb{R}^n$: with the Euclidean metric a subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded, and the proof by bisection uses no choice principle; the same holds on the real line
- In a Hausdorff space a point and a disjoint compact set, and two disjoint compact sets, have disjoint open neighbourhoods; hence every compact subset is closed, and in a compact Hausdorff space the compact subsets are exactly the closed ones
Used by
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Sources
- Edward Fadell and Lee Neuwirth, Configuration Spaces, section II Theorem 1 and its proof, printed pp. 111-113 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Najib Idrissi, answer to 'Fadell-Neuwirth fibration', MathOverflow question 500383 (point-moving trivialization) (standard reference, not scraped)