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Limits preserve non-strict inequalities
Statement
Let and be sequences of reals (Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences) converging to and respectively (Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals). If eventually, that is for all from some index on, then
In particular, if eventually then , and if eventually then .
The conclusion is not strict, and cannot be made strict; see the remarks below and the false statement at the end of this page.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Sequences , of reals with converging to , converging to , and an index with for every (Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences, Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals). Write and .
Convergence, quantified over rational (Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals).
Difference rule: converges to (Algebra of limits: sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients).
Small rationals: for every real there is a rational with , by density (The rationals embed densely in the reals) or by the Archimedean property (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean) applied to (Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order).
Absolute value: if and only if , for (Basic properties of the absolute value).
Order arithmetic in : adding a constant preserves and ; and give ; trichotomy, so exactly one of , , holds and the negation of is ; if and only if ; and is impossible (Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities, Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property), Ordered field).
The order on is total, so any two indices admit a common upper bound ( is a linear order on ).
For the constant sequence converges to (Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences, Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals).
A sequence of reals has at most one limit (A sequence has at most one limit), which is what licenses writing and for the limits named in the statement; without it those symbols would not denote.
Proof
By [L2] the sequence converges to , and by hypothesis for every .
Suppose, for contradiction, that .
Then , so by [L3] we may choose a rational with .
Applying convergence of to this gives with for all , hence and so for all such .
Fix an index with and . Then , so , which is impossible.
The assumption is therefore untenable; by trichotomy , that is , that is ; since and are the unique limits of and by [L8], that is exactly . Since and were an arbitrary pair satisfying the hypotheses, the conclusion applies to every such pair, and the two stated special cases are instances of it. Let be convergent. If from some index on, apply the conclusion to the pair consisting of the constant sequence , which converges to by [L7], and of : it gives . If from some index on, apply it first to the constant sequence and , then to and the constant sequence : it gives and .
Remarks
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The two special cases are instances of the main claim, discharged in step 5.1 by taking one of the two sequences constant; that a constant sequence converges to its value (Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences) is the only extra ingredient they need.
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The inequality does not become strict. From for every one may conclude only ; the witness has equal limits (FALSE: limits preserve strict inequalities). Intuitively, the order relation is not preserved by passage to a limit because a strict gap may shrink to nothing, while is preserved because it is closed under that shrinking.
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The proof routes through the single sequence and the difference rule of Algebra of limits: sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients. That is not an economy of writing only: it isolates the one thing being proved, namely that a sequence eventually cannot have a negative limit.
Depends on
- Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals
- Sequences of reals: bounded, eventually, frequently, tails, subsequences
- A sequence has at most one limit
- Algebra of limits: sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
- Order is preserved by adding a constant and by adding inequalities
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order
- Basic properties of the absolute value
- $\le$ is a linear order on $\mathbb{N}$
- Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)
- Ordered field
Used by
- Stolz-Cesaro, 0/0 form: if bₖ is strictly decreasing to 0, aₖ → 0, and the difference quotient converges, then aₖ/bₖ converges to the same value Corollary
- The a priori bound d(x^*, xₙ) ≤ qⁿ d(x₁,x₀)/(1-q) and the a posteriori bound d(x^*, xₙ₊₁) ≤ q d(xₙ₊₁,xₙ)/(1-q) Corollary
- The total-variation bound for a Riemann–Stieltjes integral Corollary
- x ↦ x + 1/x on [1,∞) strictly decreases every distance and has no fixed point Counterexample
- ∑_j ≥ 0 (-1)ʲ/(j+1) converges conditionally, with sum strictly between 1/2 and 1 Example
- A Lipschitz function on ℚ extends uniquely to a Lipschitz function on ℝ with the same constant Example
- The Babylonian sequence x₁ = 2, xₖ₊₁ = (xₖ + 2/xₖ)/2 decreases to √2 Example
- The block sequence 1/1; 1/2, 2/2; 1/3, 2/3, 3/3; … has subsequential limit set exactly [0,1] Example
- The bounded real-valued functions on a set, with the supremum metric, form a complete metric space Example
- The Cantor set is homeomorphic to {0,1}^ℕ with the product of discrete topologies, the ternary digits being the coordinates Example
- The Hilbert cube [0,1]^ℕ with the product topology is metrizable, by d(x,y) = ∑ₖ |xₖ - yₖ| / 2^ k+1 Example
- The map x ↦ (x + 2/x)/2 is a contraction of [1,2] with fixed point √2, and the a priori bound gives the error after n steps Example
- The sequence x₁ = 1, xₖ₊₁ = √2 + xₖ increases to 2 Example
- FALSE: d(fx, fy) < d(x,y) for all x ≠ y on a complete metric space forces a fixed point False statement
- FALSE: limits preserve strict inequalities False statement
- Complete metrizability: admitting a topologically equivalent complete metric is preserved by homeomorphism and by closed subspaces, and (0,∞) has it without being complete Lemma
- Conventions for sequences: indexing, eventually, lim, and rational ε Remark
- Absolute convergence implies improper convergence Theorem
- Base-b expansions: for an integer b ≥ 2 every x ∈ [0,1) is the sum of ∑_j ≥ 0 dⱼ / b^ j+1 for digits dⱼ < b, and the digit sequence is unique among those that are not eventually constantly b-1 Theorem
- Dirichlet's rearrangement theorem: an absolutely convergent series converges unconditionally, and every rearrangement of it has the same sum Theorem
- Dirichlet's test: if the partial sums of ∑ aₖ are bounded and (bₖ) is nonincreasing with bₖ → 0, then ∑ aₖ bₖ converges Theorem
- Every contractive sequence is Cauchy, hence converges, with error bound |x - xₖ| ≤ cᵏ⁻¹|x₂ - x₁|/(1-c) for k ≥ 1 Theorem
- Every metric space has a completion, constructed as the equivalence classes of its Cauchy sequences Theorem
- For pₖ ≥ 0 the product ∏ (1 + pₖ) converges iff ∑ pₖ converges, with 1 + ∑_k<n pₖ ≤ ∏_k<n(1+pₖ) ≤ 1/(1 - ∑_k<n pₖ) when ∑_k<n pₖ < 1; for 0 ≤ pₖ < 1 the product ∏ (1 - pₖ) converges iff ∑ pₖ converges and its partial products tend to 0 otherwise; and ∑ |pₖ| convergent implies ∏ (1+pₖ) convergent Theorem
- Fubini for double series: if ∑ᵢ ∑ⱼ |aᵢⱼ| converges then both iterated sums and the sum along every bijection ℕ → ℕ × ℕ converge to one and the same value Theorem
- In a complete metric space nested nonempty closed sets whose diameters tend to 0 meet in exactly one point, and this property characterises completeness Theorem
- Intermediate value theorem, by bisection with a canonical left-half rule: a continuous function on [a,b] takes every value between f(a) and f(b) Theorem
- The alternating series test: if (bₖ) is nonincreasing with bₖ → 0 then ∑ₖ (-1)ᵏ bₖ converges, the sum lies between any two consecutive partial sums, and the error after n terms is at most bₙ Theorem
- The limit superior is itself a subsequential limit in overlineℝ and is the greatest one Theorem
- The Riemann series theorem: a conditionally convergent real series has, for every c ∈ ℝ, a rearrangement with sum c, and rearrangements diverging to +∞, to -∞, and oscillating with any prescribed liminf ≤ limsup in overlineℝ Theorem
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 67 results over 29 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- J. K. Hunter, An Introduction to Real Analysis, Ch. 3 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Limit of a sequence (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- T. Tao, Analysis I, 3rd ed., §6.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 3 (standard reference, not scraped)