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These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
The Hilbert cube with the product topology is metrizable, by
Example
Let carry the subspace topology from the usual topology of (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length, Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded) and let
carry the product topology (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space); is the Hilbert cube. Define
Then:
- is defined, with : the series has nonnegative terms bounded by , and (For , , and for the series diverges, If eventually, convergence of gives convergence of , and divergence of gives divergence of ).
- is a metric on (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric).
- induces the product topology, so is metrizable (Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).
Claim 3 is the only real work, and it is what the index weights are for: the factor makes the tail of the sum small no matter what the coordinates do, so a constraint on finitely many coordinates already forces to be small, and conversely small forces each individual coordinate to be close.
By claim 1 of Products commute with subspaces; for infinite nonempty families, the closure identity uses the Axiom of Choice the topology on is also the subspace topology it inherits from , so the two readings of "" agree.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: with the product topology, points , the function above, and a real . Powers are integer powers (Integer powers ) and denotes (The canonical natural of a field).
A basis for the product topology on is the family of boxes with every open in and off a list ; the product topology is generated by the sets with open in (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space).
is open in exactly when for some open in ; in particular is open in for every and every , and every open of contains such a set (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded, Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).
for (For , , and for the series diverges); a nonnegative series converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then each partial sum is at most the sum (A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum); a nonnegative series dominated termwise by a convergent one converges (If eventually, convergence of gives convergence of , and divergence of gives divergence of ); series are additive and homogeneous (Convergent series add and scale termwise, Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series).
Finite sums are monotone in their terms, , and a finite sum of nonnegative terms that vanishes has all its terms zero (Laws of finite sums and finite products, claims 2 and 4); weak inequalities pass to limits (Limits preserve non-strict inequalities).
, iff , (Basic properties of the absolute value), and (The triangle inequality).
If converges then (If a series converges then its terms tend to ); below any positive real lies a positive rational (The rationals embed densely in the reals), so a convergence tested at rational tolerances delivers every real tolerance.
In a metric space the balls form a basis of the metric topology, and is -open exactly when every has some with (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).
Verification
, being by [L1] and [L4]; and more generally for every , by shifting the index.
, since converges by [L1]; so for every real there is with .
, term by term, by [L3]. This is (M2).
For and every : , since both coordinates lie in ; hence . By [L1] and step 1.1 the series defining converges and . This is claim 1.
For every and : , the left side being a single term of a nonnegative convergent series and hence at most one of its partial sums, which is at most the sum by [L1].
: for every one has by [L3], so each partial sum of the left series is at most the corresponding partial sum of the sum of the two right series by [L2], and the inequality passes to the limits by [L2] and [L1]. This is (M3), so claim 2 holds.
Every -ball contains a basic product-open neighbourhood of its centre. Given and , take with by step 1.2 and put , which is a basic product-open set containing by [A1] and [A2]. For , splitting the series at gives , by steps 1.1 and 2.1 with [L1] and [L2]. So .
, every term vanishing by [L3]. Conversely if then by step 3.1 every , so and for every by [L3] and [L4]; hence . This is (M1).
Every subbasic product-open set is -open. Let be open in , let and take with , available by [A2]. If then by step 3.1, so by [L4], so ; hence .
is contained in the product topology: by [L6] it suffices that every ball be product-open, and for the triangle inequality of step 3.2 gives with , while step 3.3 supplies a basic product-open with .
The product topology is contained in : by step 4.2 every subbasic product-open set is -open, and is a topology containing them, hence contains the topology they generate, which is the product topology by [A1].
By steps 5.1 and 4.3 the metric topology of is the product topology on , so is metrizable; this is claim 3, and with steps 2.1 and 3.2 all three claims are proved.
Remarks
-
The weights do two opposite jobs at once. Making the -th weight small ensures that the coordinates beyond a chosen index contribute at most in total, which is what step 3.2 needs; keeping every weight strictly positive ensures that a single coordinate cannot be far apart without noticing, which is what step 4.2 needs. A weight sequence that failed either condition would fail to metrise the product topology.
-
Nothing here generalises for free. The argument uses that the index set is , through the convergent series of weights, and that each factor is bounded, through . Neither restriction is removable by this method, and no general theorem about metrizability of products is claimed on these pages (What the theory of these constructions still owes at this point in the reading order: preservation of quotient maps under products, separation beyond Hausdorff, and the invariants that tell the glued spaces apart).
-
The Hilbert cube is a product of subspaces, and that is unambiguous. Claim 1 of Products commute with subspaces; for infinite nonempty families, the closure identity uses the Axiom of Choice identifies the product of the subspaces with the subspace of , so the metric above may equally be read as a metric on that subspace.
Depends on
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series
- For $|r| < 1$, $\sum_{k \ge 0} r^k = 1/(1-r)$, and for $|r| \ge 1$ the series diverges
- If $0 \le a_k \le b_k$ eventually, convergence of $\sum b_k$ gives convergence of $\sum a_k$, and divergence of $\sum a_k$ gives divergence of $\sum b_k$
- A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- The absolute value makes $\mathbb{R}$ a metric space: $d(x,y) = |x-y|$ is a metric, its open balls are the intervals $(x-r, x+r)$, and it is unbounded
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- Products commute with subspaces; for infinite nonempty families, the closure identity $\overline{\prod A_i}=\prod \overline{A_i}$ uses the Axiom of Choice
- Convergent series add and scale termwise
- Limits preserve non-strict inequalities
- Laws of finite sums and finite products
- Basic properties of the absolute value
- The triangle inequality
- If a series converges then its terms tend to $0$
- Integer powers $a^m$
- Laws of integer exponents
- Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order
- The canonical natural $\iota(n) = n \cdot 1_F$ of a field
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
Used by
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Sources
- Hilbert cube (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Product topology (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Metrizable space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)