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The Cantor set is homeomorphic to with the product of discrete topologies, the ternary digits being the coordinates
Example
Let carry the discrete topology (The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies) and let
carry the product topology (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space). Let be the Cantor set (The Cantor middle-thirds set as the intersection of the sets obtained by removing open middle thirds) with the subspace topology inherited from the usual topology of (Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded). Define
Then:
- is a well defined bijection onto . Writing for a sequence , one has , and claim 3 of The Cantor set is exactly the set of with every , and this gives a bijection with says exactly that this assignment is a bijection from onto .
- Two estimates control completely. For and
:
- if for every , then ;
- if for every and , then .
- is a homeomorphism (Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological): it is continuous by the first estimate and open onto by the second, and a continuous open bijection is a homeomorphism (A continuous bijection is a homeomorphism iff it is open iff it is closed, and homeomorphy is an equivalence relation on spaces).
So the Cantor set, a subspace of the line, and the space of all binary sequences, a product of two-point discrete spaces, are the same topological space; the ternary digits of a point of are its coordinates in the product.
Compactness is not used anywhere below. The usual argument, that a continuous bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism, is not available at this point in the reading order, and the openness of is proved by hand instead.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: discrete, with the product topology, the Cantor set with the subspace topology, the map above, and points . For the cylinder at of depth is . Powers are integer powers (Integer powers ) and denotes (The canonical natural of a field).
For a sequence the series converges, its sum lies in , the Cantor set is exactly the set of these sums, and is a bijection from onto (The Cantor set is exactly the set of with every , and this gives a bijection with , claims 1, 2 and 3; The Cantor middle-thirds set as the intersection of the sets obtained by removing open middle thirds).
A basis for the product topology on is the family of boxes with every and off a list ; every subset of is open (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies, A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice).
is metrizable, being a subspace of the metrizable space , and its topology is the metric topology of the restricted metric, whose balls are (Every subspace of a metrizable space is metrizable and every subspace of a first countable space is first countable, the metric case being the subspace metric already identified with the subspace topology, Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length, For the product topology on copies of the usual topology of is the metric topology of on , and hence also of and , so as a product and as a metric space are one space).
for (For , , and for the series diverges); a nonnegative series converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then every partial sum is at most the sum (A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum); series may be shifted to a general starting index (Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series); sums are additive and homogeneous (Convergent series add and scale termwise).
Finite sums are monotone in their terms and satisfy (Laws of finite sums and finite products); weak inequalities pass to limits (Limits preserve non-strict inequalities); is equivalent to (Basic properties of the absolute value).
and (Laws of integer exponents, Integer powers ); and is nondecreasing for , so gives (Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order, Laws of integer exponents).
If converges then (If a series converges then its terms tend to ); below any positive real lies a positive rational, so convergence tested against rational tolerances gives every real tolerance (The rationals embed densely in the reals).
Every nonempty set of naturals has a least element (The well-ordering principle); a listed finite set of reals has a maximum (Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum).
A continuous bijection is a homeomorphism exactly when it is an open map (A continuous bijection is a homeomorphism iff it is open iff it is closed, and homeomorphy is an equivalence relation on spaces, claim 1; Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological).
Verification
For every the terms lie between and , and converges with sum , since it is by [L1] and [L3]. So is defined and lies in .
, since converges by [L1]; hence for every real there is with , a positive rational below serving as the tolerance.
Each cylinder is open in : it is the box with factor at each and elsewhere, and every subset of is open. Moreover whenever , the defining condition being agreement of the first coordinates.
The cylinders form a basis of : given a basic box with off a list and a point in it, put where is the largest of the listed indices, available by [L5] for , and for ; then , since every listed index is .
for every , the two series having the same terms ; so by [A1] the map is a bijection of onto . This is claim 1.
For every : , by shifting the index and applying [L1] and [L3] as in step 1.1.
Suppose for every . For the finite sum has vanishing terms for , and each remaining term lies between and , so by [L2] the finite sum lies between and , using step 2.2 and [L1]. Letting grow and applying [L1] and [L2] gives .
Suppose for every and ; interchanging and if necessary, take and . For the finite sum equals plus a term bounded below by , by step 2.2, [L1] and [L2]; so it is at least . Letting grow gives , hence .
Steps 3.1 and 3.2 are claim 2.
is continuous: let be open in and ; by [A3] there is with , by step 1.2 there is with , and by step 3.1 every has , so ; and is open by step 1.3.
For and : . Indeed such a point is for a unique by step 2.1; if , let be the least index with , which exists by [L5] and satisfies , and then step 3.2 gives by [L3], contradicting the choice of .
is an open map onto : by step 1.3 the set contains, around each of its points with , the ball by step 4.3; so each is open in by [A3], and by step 1.4 every open subset of is a union of cylinders, whose image is the union of their images.
By step 2.1 the map is a bijection onto , by step 4.2 it is continuous and by step 5.1 it is open, so it is a homeomorphism by [L6]. This is claim 3, and with steps 2.1 and 4.1 all three claims are proved.
Remarks
-
The two estimates say that almost preserves distance. Agreement of the first coordinates forces the images to be within , and the first disagreement at index forces them to be at least apart. Together they say that the cylinder and the trace on of an interval of length about around determine each other, which is exactly what makes a homeomorphism.
-
Why openness has to be proved and not quoted. For a continuous bijection, openness is equivalent to being a homeomorphism (A continuous bijection is a homeomorphism iff it is open iff it is closed, and homeomorphy is an equivalence relation on spaces) and is not automatic; the standard shortcut uses compactness of the source and the Hausdorff condition on the target, and compactness is later in the reading order. Steps 4.3 and 5.1 replace it with a direct computation.
-
The coordinates are the digits, and the digits are not the point. A real number in has exactly one ternary expansion with digits in , which is what makes injective; the ambiguity of ternary expansions in general, such as two expansions of , does not arise inside because the alternative expansion uses the digit .
Depends on
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- A map into a product is continuous iff each of its components is; the projections are continuous and open; and each projection is surjective when every factor is nonempty, which for an infinite index set uses the Axiom of Choice
- The discrete, indiscrete, cofinite, cocountable, particular-point and Sierpinski topologies
- Homeomorphism, open map, closed map, embedding, and what it means for a property to be topological
- A continuous bijection is a homeomorphism iff it is open iff it is closed, and homeomorphy is an equivalence relation on spaces
- Subspace topology: the traces of the open sets, its closed sets and its bases, the continuity of the inclusion, and the characteristic property of a map into a subspace
- The Cantor middle-thirds set as the intersection of the sets $C_n$ obtained by removing open middle thirds
- The Cantor set is exactly the set of $\sum_{k \ge 1} a_k 3^{-k}$ with every $a_k \in \{0,2\}$, and this gives a bijection with $\{0,1\}^{\mathbb{N}}$
- For $n \ge 1$ the product topology on $n$ copies of the usual topology of $\mathbb{R}$ is the metric topology of $d_\infty$ on $\mathbb{R}^n$, and hence also of $d_1$ and $d_2$, so $\mathbb{R}^n$ as a product and $\mathbb{R}^n$ as a metric space are one space
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- The absolute value makes $\mathbb{R}$ a metric space: $d(x,y) = |x-y|$ is a metric, its open balls are the intervals $(x-r, x+r)$, and it is unbounded
- Every subspace of a metrizable space is metrizable and every subspace of a first countable space is first countable, the metric case being the subspace metric already identified with the subspace topology
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Series, partial sums, convergence and the sum, divergence, and the tail series
- For $|r| < 1$, $\sum_{k \ge 0} r^k = 1/(1-r)$, and for $|r| \ge 1$ the series diverges
- A series of nonnegative terms converges iff its partial sums are bounded, and then the sum is their supremum
- Convergent series add and scale termwise
- If a series converges then its terms tend to $0$
- Laws of finite sums and finite products
- Limits preserve non-strict inequalities
- Basic properties of the absolute value
- Laws of integer exponents
- Integer powers $a^m$
- The well-ordering principle
- Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum
- The canonical natural $\iota(n) = n \cdot 1_F$ of a field
- Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order
- The rationals embed densely in the reals
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
Used by
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Sources
- Cantor set (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Cantor space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Product topology (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)