How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
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These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
For the product topology on copies of the usual topology of is the metric topology of on , and hence also of and , so as a product and as a metric space are one space
Statement
Let with , and give its usual topology, the metric topology of (The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded, Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not). Let
be the product of copies of (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space). As a set this is literally the of as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it, both being the set of functions ; and , , are the three metrics defined there. Then:
- The product topology on is the metric topology of (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement). The key computation is that a -ball is a box: a product of bounded open intervals (Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).
- and pointwise, so and are each Lipschitz equivalent to (Topologically, uniformly and Lipschitz equivalent metrics on a set); here denotes the canonical natural .
- Consequently all three metrics induce the product topology (Lipschitz equivalence implies uniform equivalence implies topological equivalence). So carrying the product topology and carrying the topology of any one of , , are one topological space, and it is metrizable (Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).
Why . The metric is a maximum over terms, which does not exist for ; as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it carries the same hypothesis, and it is carried here for the same reason. For the product is a one-point space and there is nothing to compare.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A natural ; the set of functions ; the three metrics , and ; points and a real . Throughout, inside a real inequality denotes the canonical natural .
, and are metrics on for , and is the set of functions ( as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it).
For a natural number, a basis for the product topology on is the family of all boxes with every open in (The product set of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space, Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets).
, and is open in the usual topology exactly when every has some with (The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded, claims 2 and 3; Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Intervals of : the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length).
is open in a metric space exactly when every has some with (The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space); metric values are nonnegative (Nonnegativity of a metric is a consequence of the other axioms, not an axiom).
belongs to and is an upper bound for , and likewise (Maximum and minimum of a set); a nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum, and by reflection a minimum (Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum).
For finite sums: if for all then ; if every then every single term satisfies ; and (Laws of finite sums and finite products, claims 2 and 4).
is the unique nonnegative real with , for (Square roots exist: a unique with ; the positives are ); (Squares of nonzero elements are positive); and (Basic properties of the absolute value); and for one has if and only if (Squaring is monotone on the nonnegatives).
A function on a natural number whose values are nonempty sets has a choice function for its family of values (Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values).
The canonical natural is positive and is strictly increasing for (Canonical naturals are positive and strictly increasing); multiplying an inequality by a positive element preserves it (Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication, claim 4).
Lipschitz equivalent metrics are topologically equivalent, that is they have the same metric topology (Lipschitz equivalence implies uniform equivalence implies topological equivalence, claims 1 and 2; Topologically, uniformly and Lipschitz equivalent metrics on a set).
Proof
For : if and only if for every , since by [L3] the maximum is one of the values and is an upper bound for all of them.
For and : if and only if , by [L1].
Write and . Then for every and for some , by [L3].
by [L5], and by [L5].
as reals: for the canonical natural satisfies by [L7], so either , in which case , or , in which case multiplying that strict inequality by gives by [L7].
Conversely let be a box with every open in and let . For each the set is nonempty by [L1], so [L6] supplies in it for every ; put , which exists and is positive by [L3].
, using from step 1.3 and [L4].
, since every by [L5] and a single nonnegative term is at most the sum, by [L4].
: by step 1.1 a point lies in the ball exactly when for every , and by step 1.2 that says exactly for every .
by steps 1.3 and 1.4 with [L4], and both and are nonnegative by [L2] and [L5], so by [L5].
, using with [L5] and [L4], then step 1.5 with ; since and , [L5] gives .
Every -ball is a box with open factors, by step 2.3 and [L1], hence a basic open set of the product topology by [A2]; so every -open set is product-open, by [L2] and [A2].
With as in step 1.6: , since for every by [L3].
Steps 2.1, 2.2, 2.4 and 2.5 give and at every pair of points, which is claim 2, the constants and being positive by [L7].
By steps 1.6 and 3.2 every basic open set of the product topology is -open by [L2], hence every product-open set is -open; with step 3.1 this gives claim 1.
By step 3.3 and [L8] the metrics , and have the same metric topology, which by step 4.1 is the product topology; so all three induce it and with the product topology is metrizable. This is claim 3, and with steps 4.1 and 3.3 all three claims are proved.
Remarks
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This item exists to stop one symbol meaning two things. Before it, "" could denote the product of two copies of the real line or the metric space of as the set of functions , and , , are metrics on it, and "open in " would have had two readings. Claim 3 says they are one space, so every statement about open sets, closures, convergence and continuity in proved on either side transfers verbatim to the other.
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The -ball is the natural object here and the -ball is not. The proof works with because its balls are the basic boxes; for the corresponding computation would need a round ball inscribed in a box and a box inscribed in a round ball, which is the content of the inequalities of claim 2 read geometrically.
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Choice is spent only on finitely many radii. Step 1.6 selects one radius per coordinate, and there are of them, so Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values suffices and no form of the Axiom of Choice is used anywhere in this item; step 3.2 only uses the radius already built there.
Depends on
- The product set $\prod_{i \in I} X_i$ of functions choosing a point in each factor, the projections, the box topology, and the product topology as the initial topology of the projections; the empty product is a one-point space
- $\mathbb{R}^n$ as the set of functions $n \to \mathbb{R}$, and $d_1$, $d_2$, $d_\infty$ are metrics on it
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- The absolute value makes $\mathbb{R}$ a metric space: $d(x,y) = |x-y|$ is a metric, its open balls are the intervals $(x-r, x+r)$, and it is unbounded
- Topologically, uniformly and Lipschitz equivalent metrics on a set
- Lipschitz equivalence implies uniform equivalence implies topological equivalence
- Square roots exist: a unique $\sqrt{a} \ge 0$ with $(\sqrt{a})^2 = a$; the positives are $\{x^2 : x \neq 0\}$
- Laws of finite sums and finite products
- Intervals of $\mathbb{R}$: the nine order-convex forms, nondegeneracy, and length
- Maximum and minimum of a set
- Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum
- Every natural-number-indexed list of nonempty sets has a choice function on its family of values
- Squaring is monotone on the nonnegatives
- Squares of nonzero elements are positive
- Basic properties of the absolute value
- Canonical naturals are positive and strictly increasing
- Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication
- Nonnegativity of a metric is a consequence of the other axioms, not an axiom
- Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets
Used by
- A subset of ℝⁿ with the product topology is compact exactly when it is closed and bounded, the product topology being the Euclidean metric topology Corollary
- In the subspace of ℝ² made of the vertical unit segments over 1/(n+1) together with the two points (0,0) and (0,1), the component of (0,0) is a singleton while its quasicomponent is {(0,0), (0,1)} Counterexample
- On A = ([0,∞) × ℝ) ∪ (ℝ × {0}) the first projection is a quotient map, by the section x ↦ (x,0), and is neither open nor closed Counterexample
- Refuted: a function into a Hausdorff space whose graph is closed is continuous. The function equal to 1/x off 0 and to 0 at 0 has a closed graph, is discontinuous at 0 alone, and has a Hausdorff codomain Counterexample
- The comb space is path-connected and fails to be locally connected at every point of the limit tooth strictly above the base, so path-connectedness does not imply local connectedness Counterexample
- The hyperbola {(x,y) : xy = 1} is closed in ℝ² and its image under the first projection is ℝ ∖ {0}, which is not closed Counterexample
- Every convex subset of ℝⁿ, in particular every ball and ℝⁿ itself, is path-connected and hence connected Example
- ℝ^* is homeomorphic to the unit circle by inverse stereographic projection, and ℕ^* is the ordinal space ω + 1 Example
- ℝⁿ as the product of n copies of the real line: the product topology is the Euclidean topology and the projections are continuous, open and surjective Example
- The Cantor set is homeomorphic to {0,1}^ℕ with the product of discrete topologies, the ternary digits being the coordinates Example
- The cylinder and the Mobius band as quotients of the square by (0,y) ∼ (1,y) and by (0,y) ∼ (1, 1-y), both by a closed quotient map Example
- The diagonal of ℝ is closed in ℝ², computed from the product basis Example
- The graph of a continuous f : ℝ → ℝ is closed in ℝ² Example
- The map (x,z) ↦ x · z on ℝ × ℝ and its transpose z ↦ (x ↦ x · z) traced through the exponential law Example
- The square with opposite edges identified is homeomorphic to the product (ℝ/ℤ) × (ℝ/ℤ) Example
- The zigzag curve and its closure worked out: the components, the path components, and the points at which local connectedness fails Example
- FALSE: the intersection of two connected subspaces is connected False statement
- FALSE: the projections of a product are closed maps False statement
- For continuous maps into a convex subset of ℝⁿ, the straight-line formula defines a continuous homotopy Lemma
- The graph of the piecewise-linear map oscillating between 0 and 1 on the intervals [1/(n+2), 1/(n+1)] is path-connected, its closure adds the segment {0} × [0,1], and that closure is connected, is not path-connected because no path joins the segment to the graph, and is not locally connected Lemma
- The product, Euclidean-metric and norm topologies on ℝⁿ agree, and for n=1 they agree with the real-line topology Remark
- What the theory of these constructions still owes at this point in the reading order: preservation of quotient maps under products, separation beyond Hausdorff, and the invariants that tell the glued spaces apart Remark
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 120 results over 22 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Product topology (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Euclidean space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Munkres, Topology, 2nd ed., §20 (standard reference, not scraped)