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The boundary of a nontrivial knot exterior is incompressible
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be a smooth knot that is not ambient isotopic to the standard unknot, let be its chosen compact exterior, and let . There is no properly embedded disk whose boundary is a simple closed curve in that is not null-homotopic in .
Statement references
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Full AC, a smooth nontrivial knot , its chosen exterior , and a properly embedded disk whose boundary is essential on .
The Axiom of Choice is the assertion that every set-indexed family of nonempty sets has a choice function (The Axiom of Choice).
The boundary torus has a basis for which generates and the kernel of is ; the preferred longitude has degree one under projection to the oriented core (Homology and preferred longitude of a knot exterior, Statement; Meridian and preferred longitude, Definition).
Essential simple curves on a torus with the same primitive homology class up to orientation are isotopic on the torus (Essential torus curves with the same primitive class are isotopic, Statement).
Under countable choice a smooth knot has Seifert genus zero exactly when it is smoothly ambient isotopic to the unknot (A knot has genus zero exactly when it is the unknot). Full AC in [F1] supplies countable choice by restriction to any countable family.
A compact smooth boundary-preimage disk in the compact smooth exterior can be made neat by a smooth isotopy of embeddings fixing its boundary pointwise. Only the resulting disk, not a smooth ambient extension at an original tangency, is needed. Boundary-preimage smooth surfaces admit neat embedding isotopies
Proof
Under the full-AC hypothesis [F1], the supplier in [F2] applies. Since is essential on the torus, it is nonseparating: a separating simple curve on a genus-one surface cuts off a disk on one side and is null-homotopic. Cutting the torus along therefore gives a connected orientable surface with two boundary circles and Euler characteristic zero, hence an annulus. An embedded arc joining its two boundary circles closes after regluing to a loop meeting transversely once. The algebraic intersection is therefore , so is primitive in .
Because , its image in is zero. By [F2], write for an integer . Since both and are primitive, . Orient to make . By [F3], is isotopic on to a chosen simple representative of the preferred longitude.
In product coordinates , the curve has core degree one by [F2], so its torus class is for an integer . The graph has that class. By [F3], choose a smooth isotopy on the boundary torus from to , stationary near its final time after smooth reparametrization. This isotopy need not trace an embedded annulus on the torus itself. Instead choose a smooth strictly decreasing radius from to with nonzero derivative, and use in the tube. Distinct have distinct radii, while each fixed- curve is embedded; moreover the time derivative has nonzero radial component and is independent of its circle tangent. This gives a smooth embedded annulus with outer boundary exactly and inner boundary the radius- copy of . Continue it inward by for . The stationary final curve makes the collars agree; the inward annulus is smooth and regular even at and has core boundary . The resulting annulus lies otherwise in the interior of .
If the given disk is only boundary-preimage embedded, first replace it using [F5] by a neat smooth disk in with the same boundary . The annulus of step 3.1 has nonzero inward radial derivative at on the tube side. The resulting proper disk on the exterior side and this annulus on the tube side meet only along . Their union is an embedded disk with boundary ; smoothing the corner along in a product collar leaves that boundary fixed. Thus bounds a smooth disk, which is a genus-zero Seifert surface. Full AC supplies the countable-choice hypothesis of [F4], so [F4] makes ambient isotopic to the unknot, contrary to the hypothesis. Therefore no such disk exists.
Depends on
Used by
- Noncyclic SU(2) representations of numerator-one surgeries Lemma
- Nontrivial knot exteriors are irreducible and boundary-incompressible Lemma
- Enhanced A-polynomial Newton edges give strict boundary slopes Theorem
- Newton polygon edge slopes are boundary slopes Theorem
- Sutured instanton knot homology detects the unknot Theorem
- The enhanced A-polynomial Newton polygon detects torus knots Theorem
- The Gordon-Luecke knot-complement theorem Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
24 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Alessia Cattabriga and Stefano Francaviglia, Knot Theory and Applications: Lecture Notes, §4.4 (standard reference, not scraped)
- P. B. Kronheimer and T. S. Mrowka, Knots, sutures and excision, §4.3 (standard reference, not scraped)