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The unit sphere is Lebesgue null

Statement

Assume Countable Choice and let n≥2. The unit sphere Sn−1 satisfies λn(Sn−1)=0, where λn is n-dimensional Lebesgue measure. Proof route: apply the polar-coordinate formula to the Borel indicator of Sn−1; the inner integral vanishes unless r=1, so the double integral is zero because a single radius is a null set in (0,∞).

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Countable Choice, n≥2, the unit sphere Sn−1⊆Rn, the polar surface measure σ of The polar surface set function on the unit sphere, and the Borel function f=1Sn−1.

[F1]

Polar coordinates: σ is a finite Borel measure on Sn−1 and for every Borel measurable f:Rn→[0,∞], ∫Rnf dλn=∫0∞∫Sn−1f(rω)rn−1 dσ(ω) dr. (Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma, The polar surface set function on the unit sphere)

[F2]

The Euclidean norm is continuous, so Sn−1=∣⋅∣−1({1}) is a Borel subset of Rn and 1Sn−1 is a Borel, hence measurable, [0,∞]-valued function. (A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets, The nonnegative Lebesgue integral)

[F3]

The integral of an indicator over a measurable set is the measure of that set: ∫E1A dν=ν(E∩A) for measurable E,A; in particular the section integral of the indicator of a measurable set is a measure value. (Integral over a measurable subset, The nonnegative Lebesgue integral)

[F4]

A singleton {r0}⊆R is Lebesgue null, and every at most countable subset of Rn is Lebesgue null. (Every at most countable subset of Rn is Lebesgue null; in particular λ1(Q)=0)

[F5]

A nonnegative measurable function has integral zero exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere. (A nonnegative measurable function has integral 0 exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere)

[F6]

The iterated integral in [F1] is a Tonelli integral over the sigma-finite product (0,∞)×Sn−1; in particular the inner integral is a measurable function of r. (Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product)

Proof

technique · direct; evaluate the polar-coordinate formula at the indicator of the sphere and observe that the inner integral is supported on the single null radius $r=1$
1.1F1F3givenalgebra

The section integral. Fix r>0. For every ω∈Sn−1 one has ∣rω∣=r, so rω∈Sn−1 if and only if r=1. Hence 1Sn−1(rω)=1{1}(r) for every ω, and by [F3] and [F1], ∫Sn−11Sn−1(rω) dσ(ω)=∫Sn−11{1}(r) dσ(ω)=1{1}(r) σ(Sn−1). The factor σ(Sn−1) is finite by [F1].

2.1F1F2F6step 1.1

The polar integral. The function f=1Sn−1 is Borel and nonnegative by [F2], so the polar-coordinate formula [F1] applies and, with the section computation of step 1.1, λn(Sn−1)=∫Rn1Sn−1 dλn=∫0∞[∫Sn−11Sn−1(rω) dσ(ω)]rn−1 dr=σ(Sn−1)∫0∞1{1}(r) rn−1 dr.

3.1F4F5step 2.1algebra

The radial integral vanishes. The function r↦1{1}(r)rn−1 is nonnegative, measurable and vanishes for every r≠1; the singleton {1} is Lebesgue null in (0,∞) by [F4], so the function vanishes almost everywhere. By [F5] its integral over (0,∞) is 0, and since σ(Sn−1)<∞ the right-hand side of step 2.1 is σ(Sn−1)⋅0=0. Therefore λn(Sn−1)=0.

4.1F1F6step 1.1step 2.1step 3.1∎

Conclusion. Steps 1.1–3.1 evaluate the polar-coordinate formula at 1Sn−1 and prove λn(Sn−1)=0 for every n≥2; Countable Choice is inherited exactly from the polar-coordinate, sigma-finite Tonelli, null-set and integral-interface suppliers.

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