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The unit sphere is Lebesgue null
Statement
Assume Countable Choice and let . The unit sphere satisfies , where is -dimensional Lebesgue measure. Proof route: apply the polar-coordinate formula to the Borel indicator of ; the inner integral vanishes unless , so the double integral is zero because a single radius is a null set in .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Countable Choice, , the unit sphere , the polar surface measure of The polar surface set function on the unit sphere, and the Borel function .
Polar coordinates: is a finite Borel measure on and for every Borel measurable , . (Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma, The polar surface set function on the unit sphere)
The Euclidean norm is continuous, so is a Borel subset of and is a Borel, hence measurable, -valued function. (A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets, The nonnegative Lebesgue integral)
The integral of an indicator over a measurable set is the measure of that set: for measurable ; in particular the section integral of the indicator of a measurable set is a measure value. (Integral over a measurable subset, The nonnegative Lebesgue integral)
A singleton is Lebesgue null, and every at most countable subset of is Lebesgue null. (Every at most countable subset of is Lebesgue null; in particular )
A nonnegative measurable function has integral zero exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere. (A nonnegative measurable function has integral exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere)
The iterated integral in [F1] is a Tonelli integral over the sigma-finite product ; in particular the inner integral is a measurable function of . (Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product)
Proof
The section integral. Fix . For every one has , so if and only if . Hence for every , and by [F3] and [F1], The factor is finite by [F1].
The polar integral. The function is Borel and nonnegative by [F2], so the polar-coordinate formula [F1] applies and, with the section computation of step 1.1,
The radial integral vanishes. The function is nonnegative, measurable and vanishes for every ; the singleton is Lebesgue null in by [F4], so the function vanishes almost everywhere. By [F5] its integral over is , and since the right-hand side of step 2.1 is . Therefore .
Conclusion. Steps 1.1–3.1 evaluate the polar-coordinate formula at and prove for every ; Countable Choice is inherited exactly from the polar-coordinate, sigma-finite Tonelli, null-set and integral-interface suppliers.
Depends on
- Polar coordinates decompose Lebesgue measure into r^{n-1} dr d sigma
- The polar surface set function on the unit sphere
- Tonelli's theorem for nonnegative measurable functions on a sigma-finite product
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Every at most countable subset of $\mathbb{R}^n$ is Lebesgue null; in particular $\lambda_1(\mathbb{Q})=0$
- A nonnegative measurable function has integral $0$ exactly when it vanishes almost everywhere
- A continuous map has Borel preimages of Borel sets
- The nonnegative Lebesgue integral
- Integral over a measurable subset
Used by
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Sources
- Terence Tao, Lecture Notes 8 for Math 247B (standard reference, not scraped)