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For a metric domain and a metric target the compact-open topology on is the topology of compact convergence
Statement
Let and be metric spaces (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric), each carrying its metric topology, and let be the set of continuous maps (Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally). Then the compact-open topology (The compact-open topology on for a metric domain , with subbasis ) and the topology of compact convergence (The topology of compact convergence on for metric and : uniform convergence on each compact subset of ) on are the same topology.
Both halves are proved by exhibiting, around each point of a generating set of one topology, a generating set of the other inside it. No choice principle is used: the only cover produced below is indexed by pairs, so the indexed form of compactness (A subset of a metric space is open in the subspace metric exactly when it is the trace of an open set of the ambient space, and it is compact as a metric space in its own right exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it) returns everything that is needed.
The metric hypothesis on the target is not removable by anything on this page. The topology of compact convergence is defined only for a metric target, since its basic sets are written with a distance in ; the compact-open topology needs only the open sets of . The theorem is a statement about the case where both are defined.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Metric spaces and with their metric topologies, the set of continuous maps, the sets of The compact-open topology on for a metric domain , with subbasis , the sets of The topology of compact convergence on for metric and : uniform convergence on each compact subset of , and the topologies and they respectively generate.
The sets , for compact and open, are a subbasis for ; ; and finite intersections of subbasic sets are open (The compact-open topology on for a metric domain , with subbasis , A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis, Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets).
The sets are a basis for , and ; facts (U1), (U2) and (U3) of The topology of compact convergence on for metric and : uniform convergence on each compact subset of are available, in particular the existence of for and nonempty compact (The topology of compact convergence on for metric and : uniform convergence on each compact subset of ).
A topology generated by a family is contained in every topology containing , and a set all of whose points lie in a basic set inside it is a union of basic sets, hence open (Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets, A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis).
The continuous image of a compact subset is compact (The image of a compact metric space under a continuous map is compact, and so is the image of any compact subset, claim 2).
For nonempty the distance is defined, is -Lipschitz and hence continuous, and satisfies for every (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space, , so the distance to a fixed nonempty set is -Lipschitz, Contraction implies Lipschitz implies uniformly continuous implies continuous; every Hölder map is uniformly continuous, and a Lipschitz map on a bounded space is Hölder for every exponent, Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction, Greatest lower bound (infimum)).
A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space attains a least and a greatest value, and the restriction of a continuous map to a metric subspace is continuous (A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value, Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the - form, Isometry, isometric embedding, and the subspace metric on a subset, The absolute value makes a metric space: is a metric, its open balls are the intervals , and it is unbounded).
is closed and is open in ; relative openness in a subspace is tracing, so a closed subset of traces to a closed subset of any metric subspace, and a closed subset of a compact metric space is compact (Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed, The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement, A subset of a metric space is open in the subspace metric exactly when it is the trace of an open set of the ambient space, and it is compact as a metric space in its own right exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it, A closed subset of a compact metric space is compact, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space).
compact and open in with give and indices with , unless (A subset of a metric space is open in the subspace metric exactly when it is the trace of an open set of the ambient space, and it is compact as a metric space in its own right exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it, claim 3).
The minimum of a two-element set of reals exists and is one of the two elements; balls are open and (Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum, Maximum and minimum of a set, Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed, Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space, Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not).
Proof
First half: let be compact, let be open and let ; it suffices to produce a real with , since then every point of lies in a basic set of inside it.
Second half: let be compact, let , let be real and let ; it suffices to produce a finite intersection of sets containing and contained in .
In step 1.1, if or then , which is open in , and serves since ; so assume and , whence is nonempty.
In step 1.2, if then , which is subbasic and hence open in ; so assume .
Under step 2.1: is a nonempty compact subset of , and the function is defined and continuous on .
Under step 2.2: exists and satisfies , because makes a strict upper bound of the values; put .
Under step 2.1: the restriction of to the nonempty compact metric subspace is continuous, so it attains a least value at some , and for every .
Under step 2.2: let be the set of pairs with , real and ; the family consists of open subsets of and covers , since continuity of at gives with and then satisfies , so and .
Under step 2.1: , because with open gives a real with , so every satisfies , making a lower bound of the distances from to and hence .
Under step 2.2: since is compact, there are and pairs with ; each index is a pair, so the centres and radii come back with the indices and nothing is selected.
Under step 2.1: for and we have by step 4.1, since ; were , the distance would be one of the distances from to and hence at least , which it is not; so .
Under step 2.2: for put and ; each is closed in the compact metric space , being the trace on of the closed set , hence is compact, and each is open in .
Under step 2.1: step 6.1 holds for every , so and ; hence , which is what step 1.1 required, and every is open in , so .
Under step 2.2: for every , since and give ; so , a finite intersection of subbasic sets and hence open in .
Under step 2.2: let and ; step 5.2 gives with , so , whence and , so by the triangle inequality.
Under step 2.2: therefore for every , that is ; so , which is what step 1.2 required.
By step 9.1 every point of every basic set of is interior to it in , so every basic set of is open in , and since those basic sets generate, .
With step 7.1 the two inclusions give .
Remarks
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The first half is where the compactness of the image is used, through the extreme value theorem applied to the distance to the closed set . Without it the number of step 4.1 would be an infimum that might be , and the conclusion would fail: the set genuinely needs to sit at a positive distance from the complement of , and that is a consequence of compactness, not of openness of .
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The cases and are disposed of first for a reason. In both, is the whole space and the distance is not defined — in the first because there is no point of to measure from, in the second because is empty and this library defines the distance to a set only for a nonempty set (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space).
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The second half is a covering argument and is where the compact-open topology earns its subbasis. A single set cannot control uniformly on ; what does is a finite family of sets on which varies by less than a quarter of the slack. That the pieces are again compact is A closed subset of a compact metric space is compact applied inside .
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This is the theorem that lets the rest of the page use whichever description is convenient. The comparison of the three topologies is proved against compact convergence, while the evaluation map and the exponential law are proved against the compact-open topology, and the two are the same topology whenever both are defined.
Depends on
- The compact-open topology on $C(X,Y)$ for a metric domain $X$, with subbasis $S(K,V) = \{f : f[K] \subseteq V\}$
- The topology of compact convergence on $C(X,Y)$ for metric $X$ and $Y$: uniform convergence on each compact subset of $X$
- Open cover, subcover, compact metric space, and compact subset of a metric space
- A subset of a metric space is open in the subspace metric exactly when it is the trace of an open set of the ambient space, and it is compact as a metric space in its own right exactly when every family of open subsets of the ambient space covering it, indexed or not, has finitely many members covering it
- A closed subset of a compact metric space is compact
- The image of a compact metric space under a continuous map is compact, and so is the image of any compact subset
- A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value
- $|d(x,A) - d(y,A)| \le d(x,y)$, so the distance to a fixed nonempty set is $1$-Lipschitz
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- Arbitrary unions and finite intersections of open sets are open, open balls are open and closed balls are closed
- Continuity of a map of topological spaces at a point and globally
- Metrizable space: a topological space whose topology is induced by some metric; metrizability is topological, the metric is not
- Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the $\varepsilon$-$\delta$ form
- The metric topology: a set is open when every one of its points has a ball around it inside the set; closed means open complement
- Basis and subbasis for a topology, and the topology generated by a family of sets
- A family is a basis for a unique topology iff it covers the set and every point of an intersection of two members lies in a member inside that intersection; finite intersections of any subbasis form a basis
- Isometry, isometric embedding, and the subspace metric on a subset
- Maximum and minimum of a set
- Every nonempty finite set of reals has a maximum and a minimum
- Contraction implies Lipschitz implies uniformly continuous implies continuous; every Hölder map is uniformly continuous, and a Lipschitz map on a bounded space is Hölder for every exponent
- Lipschitz map, $\alpha$-Hölder map for rational $0 < \alpha \le 1$, and contraction
- Greatest lower bound (infimum)
- The absolute value makes $\mathbb{R}$ a metric space: $d(x,y) = |x-y|$ is a metric, its open balls are the intervals $(x-r, x+r)$, and it is unbounded
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
Used by
- On C(ℝ, ℝ) the compact-open topology has the sets {g : sup_[-m,m] |f-g| < ε} as a neighbourhood base, and ℝ is locally compact so evaluation is continuous Example
- The map (x,z) ↦ x · z on ℝ × ℝ and its transpose z ↦ (x ↦ x · z) traced through the exponential law Example
- FALSE: the compact-open topology on C(X,Y) is metrizable for every metric X and Y False statement
- Standing hypotheses on this page: a metric domain, where the target must be metric, and why the compact-open topology is built from metric compactness Remark
- On C(X,Y) with X and Y metric, uniform convergence is finer than compact convergence, which is finer than pointwise convergence Theorem
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 139 results over 30 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Compact-open topology (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Compact convergence (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- J. Munkres, Topology, 2nd ed., §46 (standard reference, not scraped)