Alphabeta Math
TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (z-ai/glm-5.2)audited 2026-07-27
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Contraction implies Lipschitz implies uniformly continuous implies continuous; every Hölder map is uniformly continuous, and a Lipschitz map on a bounded space is Hölder for every exponent

Statement

Let (X,dX)(X,d_X) and (Y,dY)(Y,d_Y) be metric spaces (Metric space: d(x,y)=0d(x,y) = 0 iff x=yx = y, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric) and let f:XYf : X \to Y be a function, with the three regularity conditions as in Lipschitz map, α\alpha-Hölder map for rational 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, and contraction. Then:

  1. If ff is a contraction, it is Lipschitz.
  2. If ff is Lipschitz, it is uniformly continuous (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one δ\delta serving every point).
  3. If ff is uniformly continuous, it is continuous (Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the ε\varepsilon-δ\delta form).
  4. If ff is α\alpha-Hölder for some rational α\alpha with 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, it is uniformly continuous.
  5. Suppose XX is nonempty and bounded, and put R:=diam(X)+1R := \operatorname{diam}(X) + 1, a real with R>0R > 0 (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space). If ff is Lipschitz with constant LL, then for every rational α\alpha with 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1 the map ff is α\alpha-Hölder with constant LR1αL\,R^{\,1-\alpha}.

Claim 5 carries its boundedness hypothesis for a reason, and no unconditional "Lipschitz implies Hölder" is asserted anywhere here. On an unbounded space the implication is false; the witness and its verification are in the first remark below.

Strictness is not claimed. The five implications are asserted and nothing more; that none of them reverses is witnessed elsewhere, and those witnesses are not prerequisites of this theorem. See the second remark.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: Metric spaces (X,dX)(X,d_X), (Y,dY)(Y,d_Y), a function f:XYf : X \to Y, a real ε>0\varepsilon > 0, and a rational α\alpha with 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1.

[A1]

ff is a contraction with constant qq: ff is Lipschitz with constant qq and 0q<10 \le q < 1 (Lipschitz map, α\alpha-Hölder map for rational 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, and contraction).

[A2]

ff is Lipschitz with constant L0L \ge 0: dY(f(x),f(x))LdX(x,x)d_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le L\,d_X(x,x') for all x,xXx,x' \in X (Lipschitz map, α\alpha-Hölder map for rational 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, and contraction).

[A3]

ff is α\alpha-Hölder with constant C0C \ge 0: dY(f(x),f(x))CdX(x,x)αd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le C\,d_X(x,x')^{\alpha} for all x,xXx,x' \in X (Lipschitz map, α\alpha-Hölder map for rational 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, and contraction).

[A4]

XX is nonempty and bounded, so diam(X)\operatorname{diam}(X) exists and dX(x,x)diam(X)d_X(x,x') \le \operatorname{diam}(X) for all x,xXx,x' \in X (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space, Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)).

[L1]

Uniform continuity: one δ>0\delta > 0 per ε>0\varepsilon > 0 serving every pair (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one δ\delta serving every point); continuity at a point allows δ\delta to depend on the point as well (Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the ε\varepsilon-δ\delta form).

[L2]

Rational powers of a positive base, with a1=aa^{1} = a, a0=1a^{0} = 1, and the supplementary clause 0r=00^{r} = 0 for rational r>0r > 0 (Rational powers ara^r of a positive base, Order on the rationals).

[L3]

Exponent laws for positive bases: ar+s=arasa^{r+s} = a^{r}a^{s}, (ar)s=ars(a^{r})^{s} = a^{rs}, and ar>0a^{r} > 0 (Laws of rational exponents).

[L4]

Monotonicity in the base: for rational r>0r > 0 and 0<a<b0 < a < b one has ar<bra^{r} < b^{r} (Monotonicity of rarr \mapsto a^{r} and of aara \mapsto a^{r}).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

Claim 1 is immediate from the definitions: a contraction with constant qq is Lipschitz with the constant qq, and q0q \ge 0.

A1A2
1.2

Claim 2: assume [A2] and put δ:=ε/(L+1)\delta := \varepsilon/(L+1), a positive real since L+1>0L + 1 > 0. If dX(x,x)<δd_X(x,x') < \delta then, using dX(x,x)0d_X(x,x') \ge 0, dY(f(x),f(x))LdX(x,x)(L+1)dX(x,x)<(L+1)δ=εd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le L\,d_X(x,x') \le (L+1)\,d_X(x,x') < (L+1)\delta = \varepsilon; the same δ\delta served every pair, so ff is uniformly continuous.

A2L1L5L6
1.3

Claim 3: assume ff uniformly continuous and let aXa \in X; the δ\delta belonging to ε\varepsilon satisfies dX(x,a)<δdY(f(x),f(a))<εd_X(x,a) < \delta \Rightarrow d_Y(f(x),f(a)) < \varepsilon for all xx, which is continuity at aa, and aa was arbitrary.

L1
1.4

Claim 4, the case of equal points: assume [A3]; if dX(x,x)=0d_X(x,x') = 0 then x=xx = x', so dY(f(x),f(x))=0<εd_Y(f(x),f(x')) = 0 < \varepsilon whatever δ\delta is.

A3L5
1.5

Claim 4, the main case: put η:=ε/(C+1)>0\eta := \varepsilon/(C+1) > 0 and δ:=η1/α\delta := \eta^{1/\alpha}, which is a positive real because 1/α1/\alpha is a positive rational and η>0\eta > 0.

L2L3L6choose
1.6

Claim 5: assume [A2] and [A4], put R:=diam(X)+1R := \operatorname{diam}(X) + 1 and C:=LR1αC := L\,R^{\,1-\alpha}. Since diam(X)0\operatorname{diam}(X) \ge 0 we have R1>0R \ge 1 > 0, so R1αR^{\,1-\alpha} is defined and positive and C0C \ge 0.

A2A4L2L3
2.1

Let t:=dX(x,x)t := d_X(x,x') with 0<t<δ0 < t < \delta. Then tα<δα=(η1/α)α=η(1/α)α=η1=ηt^{\alpha} < \delta^{\alpha} = (\eta^{1/\alpha})^{\alpha} = \eta^{(1/\alpha)\alpha} = \eta^{1} = \eta, so dY(f(x),f(x))Ctα(C+1)tα<(C+1)η=εd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le C\,t^{\alpha} \le (C+1)\,t^{\alpha} < (C+1)\eta = \varepsilon.

step 1.5A3L2L3L4L6
2.2

Let x,xXx, x' \in X and t:=dX(x,x)t := d_X(x,x'); then 0tdiam(X)<R0 \le t \le \operatorname{diam}(X) < R. If t=0t = 0 then dY(f(x),f(x))L0=0=C0α=Ctαd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le L \cdot 0 = 0 = C \cdot 0^{\alpha} = C\,t^{\alpha}, because α>0\alpha > 0.

step 1.6A2A4L2L5
2.3

If t>0t > 0 then t=tα+(1α)=tαt1αt = t^{\alpha + (1-\alpha)} = t^{\alpha}\,t^{\,1-\alpha} and t1αR1αt^{\,1-\alpha} \le R^{\,1-\alpha}: for α<1\alpha < 1 the exponent 1α1-\alpha is a positive rational and 0<t<R0 < t < R, and for α=1\alpha = 1 both sides are 11. Multiplying by Ltα0L\,t^{\alpha} \ge 0 gives Lt=Ltαt1αLR1αtα=CtαL t = L\,t^{\alpha}\,t^{\,1-\alpha} \le L\,R^{\,1-\alpha}\,t^{\alpha} = C\,t^{\alpha}, and hence dY(f(x),f(x))LtCtαd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le L t \le C\,t^{\alpha}.

step 1.6A2L2L3L4L6
3.1

Steps 1.4 and 2.1 cover every pair with dX(x,x)<δd_X(x,x') < \delta, and δ\delta did not depend on the pair, so ff is uniformly continuous: claim 4 holds.

step 1.4step 2.1L1
4.1

Steps 2.2 and 2.3 give dY(f(x),f(x))CdX(x,x)αd_Y(f(x),f(x')) \le C\,d_X(x,x')^{\alpha} for every pair, so ff is α\alpha-Hölder with constant C=LR1αC = L\,R^{\,1-\alpha}, which is claim 5; claims 1 to 4 are steps 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 3.1.

step 1.1step 1.2step 1.3step 3.1step 2.2step 2.3

Remarks

  • Boundedness in claim 5 cannot be dropped, and here is the witness. Take X=Y=RX = Y = \mathbb{R} with the usual metric and f(x)=xf(x) = x, which is Lipschitz with constant 11. Suppose ff were α\alpha-Hölder with constant C0C \ge 0 for some rational α\alpha with 0<α<10 < \alpha < 1, so that xyCxyα|x - y| \le C\,|x-y|^{\alpha} for all reals x,yx,y. Taking y=0y = 0 and x=tx = t with t>0t > 0, and writing t=tαt1αt = t^{\alpha} t^{\,1-\alpha} (Laws of rational exponents), division by tα>0t^{\alpha} > 0 gives t1αCt^{\,1-\alpha} \le C for every real t>0t > 0. At t=1t = 1 this reads 1C1 \le C, so C>0C > 0; and then choosing a natural nn with n>C1/(1α)n > C^{1/(1-\alpha)}, which exists by the Archimedean property (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean), and raising to the positive rational power 1α1-\alpha (Monotonicity of rarr \mapsto a^{r} and of aara \mapsto a^{r}, Laws of rational exponents) gives n1α>(C1/(1α))1α=Cn^{\,1-\alpha} > \big(C^{1/(1-\alpha)}\big)^{1-\alpha} = C, contradicting t1αCt^{\,1-\alpha} \le C at t=nt = n. So the identity of R\mathbb{R} is Lipschitz and α\alpha-Hölder for no exponent α<1\alpha < 1. A chain reading "Lipschitz implies Hölder implies uniformly continuous" is therefore false as stated, which is why claims 4 and 5 are separated here and why claim 5 carries a hypothesis.
  • No implication reverses, and two of the witnesses are on the companion page. The square root on [0,)[0,\infty) is 1/21/2-Hölder and not Lipschitz (\sqrt{\cdot} on [0,)[0,\infty) is uniformly continuous and exactly 1/21/2-Hölder, and is not Lipschitz ), and x1/xx \mapsto 1/x on (0,1)(0,1) is continuous and not uniformly continuous (x1/xx \mapsto 1/x is continuous on (0,1)(0,1) and sends the Cauchy sequence (1/(k+2))k0(1/(k+2))_{k \ge 0} to an unbounded one ). Both are read here as orientation only: this theorem does not depend on them and claims nothing about strictness. That a Lipschitz map need not be a contraction is visible already in the identity map, whose only Lipschitz constants are the reals 1\ge 1.
  • The constant L+1L+1 and the constant C+1C+1 are there to avoid a case split. Dividing by LL or by CC would require them to be nonzero, and a Lipschitz constant or a Hölder constant is allowed to be 00 (Lipschitz map, α\alpha-Hölder map for rational 0<α10 < \alpha \le 1, and contraction). Enlarging the constant by 11 is harmless, since the defining inequalities are preserved by enlarging the constant.
  • What claim 5 costs. The constant it produces, LR1αL\,R^{1-\alpha}, grows with the diameter of XX, and that dependence is exactly what the unbounded counterexample above exploits: as RR \to \infty no single Hölder constant survives.

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