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Contraction implies Lipschitz implies uniformly continuous implies continuous; every Hölder map is uniformly continuous, and a Lipschitz map on a bounded space is Hölder for every exponent
Statement
Let and be metric spaces (Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric) and let be a function, with the three regularity conditions as in Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction. Then:
- If is a contraction, it is Lipschitz.
- If is Lipschitz, it is uniformly continuous (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one serving every point).
- If is uniformly continuous, it is continuous (Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the - form).
- If is -Hölder for some rational with , it is uniformly continuous.
- Suppose is nonempty and bounded, and put , a real with (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space). If is Lipschitz with constant , then for every rational with the map is -Hölder with constant .
Claim 5 carries its boundedness hypothesis for a reason, and no unconditional "Lipschitz implies Hölder" is asserted anywhere here. On an unbounded space the implication is false; the witness and its verification are in the first remark below.
Strictness is not claimed. The five implications are asserted and nothing more; that none of them reverses is witnessed elsewhere, and those witnesses are not prerequisites of this theorem. See the second remark.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: Metric spaces , , a function , a real , and a rational with .
is a contraction with constant : is Lipschitz with constant and (Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction).
is Lipschitz with constant : for all (Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction).
is -Hölder with constant : for all (Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction).
is nonempty and bounded, so exists and for all (Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space, Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)).
Uniform continuity: one per serving every pair (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one serving every point); continuity at a point allows to depend on the point as well (Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the - form).
Rational powers of a positive base, with , , and the supplementary clause for rational (Rational powers of a positive base, Order on the rationals).
Exponent laws for positive bases: , , and (Laws of rational exponents).
Monotonicity in the base: for rational and one has (Monotonicity of and of ).
A metric is nonnegative, and forces (Nonnegativity of a metric is a consequence of the other axioms, not an axiom, Metric space: iff , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric).
Positivity of inverses and multiplication of inequalities by positives (Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order, Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication).
Proof
Claim 1 is immediate from the definitions: a contraction with constant is Lipschitz with the constant , and .
Claim 2: assume [A2] and put , a positive real since . If then, using , ; the same served every pair, so is uniformly continuous.
Claim 3: assume uniformly continuous and let ; the belonging to satisfies for all , which is continuity at , and was arbitrary.
Claim 4, the case of equal points: assume [A3]; if then , so whatever is.
Claim 4, the main case: put and , which is a positive real because is a positive rational and .
Claim 5: assume [A2] and [A4], put and . Since we have , so is defined and positive and .
Let with . Then , so .
Let and ; then . If then , because .
If then and : for the exponent is a positive rational and , and for both sides are . Multiplying by gives , and hence .
Steps 1.4 and 2.1 cover every pair with , and did not depend on the pair, so is uniformly continuous: claim 4 holds.
Steps 2.2 and 2.3 give for every pair, so is -Hölder with constant , which is claim 5; claims 1 to 4 are steps 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and 3.1.
Remarks
- Boundedness in claim 5 cannot be dropped, and here is the witness. Take with the usual metric and , which is Lipschitz with constant . Suppose were -Hölder with constant for some rational with , so that for all reals . Taking and with , and writing (Laws of rational exponents), division by gives for every real . At this reads , so ; and then choosing a natural with , which exists by the Archimedean property (Every complete ordered field is Archimedean), and raising to the positive rational power (Monotonicity of and of , Laws of rational exponents) gives , contradicting at . So the identity of is Lipschitz and -Hölder for no exponent . A chain reading "Lipschitz implies Hölder implies uniformly continuous" is therefore false as stated, which is why claims 4 and 5 are separated here and why claim 5 carries a hypothesis.
- No implication reverses, and two of the witnesses are on the companion page. The square root on is -Hölder and not Lipschitz ( on is uniformly continuous and exactly -Hölder, and is not Lipschitz ↗), and on is continuous and not uniformly continuous ( is continuous on and sends the Cauchy sequence to an unbounded one ↗). Both are read here as orientation only: this theorem does not depend on them and claims nothing about strictness. That a Lipschitz map need not be a contraction is visible already in the identity map, whose only Lipschitz constants are the reals .
- The constant and the constant are there to avoid a case split. Dividing by or by would require them to be nonzero, and a Lipschitz constant or a Hölder constant is allowed to be (Lipschitz map, -Hölder map for rational , and contraction). Enlarging the constant by is harmless, since the defining inequalities are preserved by enlarging the constant.
- What claim 5 costs. The constant it produces, , grows with the diameter of , and that dependence is exactly what the unbounded counterexample above exploits: as no single Hölder constant survives.
Depends on
- Lipschitz map, $\alpha$-Hölder map for rational $0 < \alpha \le 1$, and contraction
- Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one $\delta$ serving every point
- Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the $\varepsilon$-$\delta$ form
- Rational powers $a^r$ of a positive base
- Monotonicity of $r \mapsto a^{r}$ and of $a \mapsto a^{r}$
- Bounded subset, diameter, distance from a point to a set, and distance between two sets in a metric space
- Laws of rational exponents
- Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$, symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric
- Nonnegativity of a metric is a consequence of the other axioms, not an axiom
- Inverses of positives are positive, and reciprocation reverses order
- Sign rules for products and monotonicity of multiplication
- Order on the rationals
- Every complete ordered field is Archimedean
- Complete ordered field (least-upper-bound property)
Used by
- If f is continuous on an interval I and |f'| ≤ M at every interior point, then |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ M|x-y| for all x,y ∈ I, so f is Lipschitz with constant M and uniformly continuous on I Corollary
- Refuted: C(X,Y) is closed in the topology of pointwise convergence. The ramps on [0,1] converge pointwise to a discontinuous limit Counterexample
- Refuted: convergence uniformly on every compact subset of ℝ implies uniform convergence. The maps x ↦ x/(n+1) separate the two Counterexample
- x ↦ √x is a uniformly continuous bijection of [0,∞) onto itself whose inverse x ↦ x² is not uniformly continuous Counterexample
- √· on [0,∞) is uniformly continuous and exactly 1/2-Hölder, and is not Lipschitz Example
- A Lipschitz function on ℚ extends uniquely to a Lipschitz function on ℝ with the same constant Example
- Dini's theorem applied to a nondecreasing sequence of piecewise linear approximations on [0,1], and what fails when the limit is not continuous Example
- On [0,1] the function x^β is β-Hölder and is α-Hölder for no rational α > β, so the Hölder classes are strictly nested Example
- The 1-Lipschitz maps of a metric space into ℝ form a uniformly equicontinuous family, and the distance functions x ↦ d(x,A) all belong to it Example
- The distance from a point to a nonempty compact set is attained at a point of that set, and two disjoint compact sets are at positive distance Example
- The distance ψ(x) = d(x, ℤ) from a real number to the integers is 1-Lipschitz, hence uniformly continuous, takes values in [0,1/2], and vanishes exactly on ℤ Example
- The map (x,z) ↦ x · z on ℝ × ℝ and its transpose z ↦ (x ↦ x · z) traced through the exponential law Example
- FALSE: a pointwise convergent sequence of continuous functions converges uniformly on every compact set False statement
- FALSE: the evaluation map on C(X,Y) with the compact-open topology is continuous for every metric X False statement
- Dictionary: for A ⊆ ℝ with the metric d(x,y) = |x-y|, continuity and uniform continuity of f : A → ℝ agree with the metric-space notions, the Lipschitz and Hölder conditions are the metric ones instantiated, and a subset of ℝ is compact in the open-cover sense of ℝ exactly when it is a compact metric subspace Lemma
- The finite and reverse triangle inequalities for a norm; and for n ≥ 1 every norm N on ℝⁿ satisfies N(x) ≤ C‖ x‖₁ and is Lipschitz, hence continuous, for d₂ Lemma
- A contraction of a nonempty complete metric space into itself has exactly one fixed point, the limit of the iterates from any starting point Theorem
- A uniformly continuous map from a dense subspace into a complete metric space extends uniquely to a uniformly continuous map on the whole space Theorem
- Every open cover of a compact metric space has a Lebesgue number: a δ > 0 such that every nonempty subset of diameter less than δ lies inside a single member of the cover Theorem
- For a metric domain and a metric target the compact-open topology on C(X,Y) is the topology of compact convergence Theorem
- If |f(x) - f(y)| ≤ C|x-y|^α on an interval for some rational α > 1 then f is constant Theorem
- The integral function of a bounded integrable f is Lipschitz, hence uniformly continuous Theorem
Dependency tree · next 3 levels
Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 77 results over 23 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Lipschitz continuity (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Hölder condition (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Uniform continuity (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)