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TheoremStatement: Literature-sourcedProof: AI-adaptedPipeline-generatedjudge pass (gpt-6-sol)audited 2026-09-27
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A finite-type domain over a field has finite normalization

Statement

Let k be a field and let A be a finite-type integral domain over k. Then the integral closure of A in Frac⁡(A) is a finite A-module. The proof is a Noether-normalisation reduction to the polynomial theorem and uses no choice principle.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: a field k and a finite-type integral domain A over k.

[L1]

Let k be a field and A a nonzero finite-type k-algebra; then there are algebraically independent elements z1,…,zd∈A such that A is a module-finite algebra over the polynomial ring k[z1,…,zd], that is, A is generated as a k[z1,…,zd]-module by finitely many elements (Noether normalisation yields module finiteness over a polynomial subring, Subalgebra generated by a subset, algebras of finite type, and module-finite algebras).

[L2]

For commutative rings A⊆B with A≠0 and b∈B, the element b is integral over A if and only if there exists a faithful A[b]-module that is finitely generated over A; in particular a finite-module generation statement of this shape certifies integrality (Integrality and finite-module characterizations for one element, Integral elements over a commutative ring and algebraic integers, Integral ring maps and integral extensions).

[L3]

Let K be a field and d≥0, and let L/K(x1,…,xd) be a finite extension of the rational function field; then the integral closure of K[x1,…,xd] in L is a finite module over K[x1,…,xd] (Polynomial algebras over fields have finite integral closures).

[L4]

If A⊆B⊆N are domains with B integral over A, then an element of N is integral over A if and only if it is integral over B; the integral closure of A in a field extension of Frac⁡(A) is a subring containing A (Integral closure is unchanged across an integral intermediate domain, Integral extensions are transitive, Integral closure in an extension ring and integrally closed domains, Integral elements over a nonzero base ring form a subring).

[L5]

A domain is a nonzero commutative ring without zero divisors, and Frac⁡(A) is its field of fractions, the smallest field containing A (The field of fractions Frac⁡(D)=(D∖{0})−1D of an integral domain, Zero divisor, and integral domain: a commutative ring with 1≠0 and no zero divisors, Field).

[L6]

If a1,…,ar are algebraic over a field F, then F(a1,…,ar)/F is finite, where F(a1,…,ar) is the smallest subfield containing F and the ai (An extension generated by finitely many algebraic elements is finite, Finitely generated field extensions F(a1,…,ar), The degree [K:F]=dim⁡FK of a finite field extension, Algebraic and transcendental elements and algebraic extensions).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

By [L5] the finite-type domain A over k is nonzero, so [L1] applies: fix algebraically independent elements z1,…,zd∈A such that A is module-finite over R:=k[z1,…,zd]. Every a∈A is integral over R: the ring A is a faithful R[a]-module, because r⋅1A=r≠0 for every nonzero r∈R[a]⊆A (evaluate at 1A in the domain A), and it is a finite R-module, so [L2] applies to b=a inside R⊆A. Hence R⊆A⊆Frac⁡(A) with A integral over R.

L1L2L5given
2.1

The extension F:=Frac⁡(R) is a rational function field and Frac⁡(A)/F is finite. Write A=Ra1+⋯+Ran with ai∈A, using the module finiteness of step 1.1. Every element of A lies in F[a1,…,an]⊆F(a1,…,an), and F(a1,…,an) is a field containing A, so Frac⁡(A)=F(a1,…,an) by [L5]; each ai is integral over R by step 1.1, hence algebraic over F; therefore Frac⁡(A)/F is finite by [L6].

L1L5L6step 1.1
3.1

Apply [L3] with the base field k, the algebraically independent elements z1,…,zd (so that R=k[z1,…,zd] and F=k(z1,…,zd)) and the finite extension L:=Frac⁡(A) of step 2.1: the integral closure B of R in Frac⁡(A) is a finite R-module.

L3step 1.1step 2.1
4.1

Since A is integral over R by step 1.1 and R⊆A⊆Frac⁡(A), [L4] shows that an element of Frac⁡(A) is integral over R exactly when it is integral over A; hence B is exactly the integral closure of A in Frac⁡(A), and B is a ring with R⊆A⊆B. If B=Rb1+⋯+Rbr, then every Abi lies in B, and every Rbi lies in Abi because R⊆A; hence B=Ab1+⋯+Abr is generated as an A-module by the same finitely many elements. Therefore the integral closure of A in Frac⁡(A) is a finite A-module.

L4step 1.1step 3.1∎

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Sources