TheoremStatement: AI-adaptedProof: AI-generatedSession-authored (Fable 5 assisted)precheck passjudge pass (z-ai/glm-5.2)audited 2026-07-27

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A completion is unique up to a unique isometry fixing the original space, and uniformly continuous maps into complete spaces extend through it

Statement

Let $(X,d)$ be a metric space (Metric space: $d(x,y) = 0$ iff $x = y$ , symmetry, and the triangle inequality; pseudometric and ultrametric); completions of it exist (Every metric space has a completion, constructed as the equivalence classes of its Cauchy sequences, A completion of a metric space: a complete metric space together with an isometric embedding onto a dense subspace). Then:

Universal property. Let $\big((\widehat{X},\widehat{d}), \iota\big)$ be a completion of $(X,d)$ , let $(Z,d_Z)$ be a complete metric space (Complete metric space: every Cauchy sequence converges in the space) and let $f : X \to Z$ be uniformly continuous (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one $\delta$ serving every point). Then there is exactly one continuous $F : \widehat{X} \to Z$ with $F \circ \iota = f$ , and that $F$ is uniformly continuous.
Uniqueness of the completion. Let $\big((\widehat{X}_1,\widehat{d}_1), \iota_1\big)$ and $\big((\widehat{X}_2,\widehat{d}_2), \iota_2\big)$ be completions of $(X,d)$ . Then there is exactly one continuous $\varphi : \widehat{X}_1 \to \widehat{X}_2$ with $\varphi \circ \iota_1 = \iota_2$ , and that $\varphi$ is an isometry (Isometry, isometric embedding, and the subspace metric on a subset).

So a completion is determined by $(X,d)$ up to a unique isometry compatible with the embeddings, which is what licenses the phrase the completion from here on.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: A metric space $(X,d)$ ; completions $\big((\widehat{X},\widehat{d}),\iota\big)$ , $\big((\widehat{X}_1,\widehat{d}_1),\iota_1\big)$ and $\big((\widehat{X}_2,\widehat{d}_2),\iota_2\big)$ of it; a complete metric space $(Z,d_Z)$ ; a uniformly continuous $f : X \to Z$ ; a real $\varepsilon > 0$ .

[A1]

Completion: $\widehat{X}$ is complete, $\iota$ is an isometric embedding, and $\iota[X]$ is dense in $\widehat{X}$ (A completion of a metric space: a complete metric space together with an isometric embedding onto a dense subspace, Interior, closure, boundary, limit point, isolated point and dense subset of a metric space).

[A2]

Uniform continuity of $f$ : one $\delta > 0$ per $\varepsilon > 0$ serving every pair (Uniform continuity of a map of metric spaces: one $\delta$ serving every point).

[L1]

An isometric embedding is injective and is an isometry onto its image, whose subspace metric is the restriction (An isometric embedding is injective and carries the metric topology of the source onto the subspace topology of its image, Isometry, isometric embedding, and the subspace metric on a subset, Injection, surjection, bijection).

[L2]

Extension from a dense subspace: a uniformly continuous map from a dense subspace of a metric space into a complete metric space has a uniformly continuous extension to the whole space, and it is the only continuous one (A uniformly continuous map from a dense subspace into a complete metric space extends uniquely to a uniformly continuous map on the whole space).

[L3]

A point of the closure is a limit of a sequence from the set; this direction spends $\mathrm{AC}_\omega$ (A point lies in the closure of $A$ iff some sequence in $A$ converges to it, and a set is closed iff it is sequentially closed, The Axiom of Countable Choice ( $\mathrm{AC}_\omega$ ), Convergence of a sequence in a metric space: $x_k \to x$ iff $d(x_k, x) \to 0$ in $\mathbb{R}$ ).

[L4]

A continuous map is sequentially continuous (For a map of metric spaces the following agree: $\varepsilon$ - $\delta$ continuity everywhere, preimages of open sets are open, preimages of closed sets are closed, sequential continuity, and $f(\overline{A}) \subseteq \overline{f(A)}$ , Continuity of a map between metric spaces, at a point and globally, in the $\varepsilon$ - $\delta$ form).

[L5]

Quadrilateral estimate: $|d(u,v) - d(u',v')| \le d(u,u') + d(v,v')$ , from the reverse triangle inequality and the triangle inequality for the absolute value (The reverse triangle inequality $|d(x,z) - d(y,z)| \le d(x,y)$ in any metric space, Basic properties of the absolute value).

[L6]

Limits of real sequences are unique (A sequence has at most one limit, Limits and Cauchy sequences of reals).

Proof

technique · direct

1.1

By [L1] the map $\iota$ is an isometry of $X$ onto the subspace $\iota[X]$ of $\widehat{X}$ , so its inverse $\iota^{-1} : \iota[X] \to X$ is an isometry and $\widehat{d}(u,v) = d(\iota^{-1}(u), \iota^{-1}(v))$ for all $u,v \in \iota[X]$ .

A1L1

2.1

Hence $f \circ \iota^{-1} : \iota[X] \to Z$ is uniformly continuous: the $\delta$ that [A2] supplies for $\varepsilon$ also serves here, since $\widehat{d}(u,v) < \delta$ gives $d(\iota^{-1}(u),\iota^{-1}(v)) < \delta$ and hence $d_Z(f(\iota^{-1}(u)), f(\iota^{-1}(v))) < \varepsilon$ .

step 1.1A2

3.1

$\iota[X]$ is dense in $\widehat{X}$ and $Z$ is complete, so [L2] gives a uniformly continuous $F : \widehat{X} \to Z$ extending $f \circ \iota^{-1}$ , and $F$ is the only continuous map $\widehat{X} \to Z$ that does so.

step 2.1A1L2

4.1

$F \circ \iota = f$ , since $F(\iota(x)) = f(\iota^{-1}(\iota(x))) = f(x)$ for every $x \in X$ ; and if $G : \widehat{X} \to Z$ is continuous with $G \circ \iota = f$ then $G$ agrees with $f \circ \iota^{-1}$ on $\iota[X]$ , so $G = F$ by the uniqueness in step 3.1. This is claim 1.

step 3.1L1

5.1

For claim 2, note that $\iota_2 : X \to \widehat{X}_2$ is an isometric embedding, hence uniformly continuous with $\delta = \varepsilon$ , and $\widehat{X}_2$ is complete. Claim 1, applied to the completion $\big((\widehat{X}_1,\widehat{d}_1),\iota_1\big)$ with $Z = \widehat{X}_2$ and $f = \iota_2$ , yields exactly one continuous $\varphi : \widehat{X}_1 \to \widehat{X}_2$ with $\varphi \circ \iota_1 = \iota_2$ , and $\varphi$ is uniformly continuous.

step 4.1A1

6.1

Symmetrically there is exactly one continuous $\psi : \widehat{X}_2 \to \widehat{X}_1$ with $\psi \circ \iota_2 = \iota_1$ , and it is uniformly continuous.

step 5.1

6.2

Let $u,v \in \widehat{X}_1$ . Density of $\iota_1[X]$ and [L3] supply sequences $(p_k)$ and $(q_k)$ in $X$ with $\iota_1(p_k) \to u$ and $\iota_1(q_k) \to v$ in $\widehat{X}_1$ ; by continuity of $\varphi$ and $\varphi \circ \iota_1 = \iota_2$ we get $\iota_2(p_k) \to \varphi(u)$ and $\iota_2(q_k) \to \varphi(v)$ in $\widehat{X}_2$ .

step 5.1A1L3L4

7.1

$\psi \circ \varphi : \widehat{X}_1 \to \widehat{X}_1$ is continuous and satisfies $(\psi \circ \varphi) \circ \iota_1 = \psi \circ \iota_2 = \iota_1$ ; the identity of $\widehat{X}_1$ is continuous and satisfies the same identity; so by the uniqueness in claim 1, applied with $Z = \widehat{X}_1$ and $f = \iota_1$ , we get $\psi \circ \varphi = \mathrm{id}$ . Symmetrically $\varphi \circ \psi = \mathrm{id}$ , so $\varphi$ is a bijection with inverse $\psi$ .

step 4.1step 5.1step 6.1

7.2

By [L5] the real sequence $\big(\widehat{d}_1(\iota_1(p_k),\iota_1(q_k))\big)_k$ converges to $\widehat{d}_1(u,v)$ and $\big(\widehat{d}_2(\iota_2(p_k),\iota_2(q_k))\big)_k$ converges to $\widehat{d}_2(\varphi(u),\varphi(v))$ ; but the two sequences are equal termwise, both being $d(p_k,q_k)$ because $\iota_1$ and $\iota_2$ are isometric embeddings. Hence the limits agree and $\widehat{d}_2(\varphi(u),\varphi(v)) = \widehat{d}_1(u,v)$ .

step 6.2A1L5L6

8.1

So $\varphi$ is a bijective isometric embedding, that is an isometry, and it is the only continuous map with $\varphi \circ \iota_1 = \iota_2$ ; this is claim 2, and claim 1 is step 4.1.

step 4.1step 7.1step 7.2∎

Remarks

Claim 1 is the reason claim 2 is short. Once a completion is known to receive every uniformly continuous map into a complete space, in exactly one way, two completions each receive the other's embedding, and the two induced maps are mutually inverse for the same uniqueness reason. No property of the particular construction of Every metric space has a completion, constructed as the equivalence classes of its Cauchy sequences is used anywhere in this proof.
Uniform continuity is not decoration in claim 1. A merely continuous $f : X \to Z$ need not extend at all. Take $X = (0,1)$ with the usual metric, which is dense in the complete space $[0,1]$ , so that $[0,1]$ with the inclusion is a completion of it; take $Z = \mathbb{R}$ , which is complete ( $\mathbb{R}$ and $\mathbb{R}^n$ for $n \ge 1$ with the Euclidean metric are complete, componentwise from the Cauchy criterion in $\mathbb{R}$ ); and take $f(x) = 1/x$ , which is continuous on $(0,1)$ and not uniformly continuous ( $x \mapsto 1/x$ is continuous on $(0,1)$ and sends the Cauchy sequence $(1/(k+2))_{k \ge 0}$ to an unbounded one ↗). No continuous $F : [0,1] \to \mathbb{R}$ extends it: the points $1/(k+2)$ converge to $0$ in $[0,1]$ , so sequential continuity would force $F(1/(k+2)) = k+2$ to converge to $F(0)$ , and the sequence $(k+2)$ is unbounded, hence not convergent (For a map of metric spaces the following agree: $\varepsilon$ - $\delta$ continuity everywhere, preimages of open sets are open, preimages of closed sets are closed, sequential continuity, and $f(\overline{A}) \subseteq \overline{f(A)}$ , Every complete ordered field is Archimedean).
Uniqueness is up to a unique isometry, not up to equality, and the compatibility condition $\varphi \circ \iota_1 = \iota_2$ is what makes it unique. Dropping it leaves room for isometries of $\widehat{X}$ onto itself that move $X$ around, and $\mathbb{R}$ has many of those.
Where choice enters. Only at step 5.1, through A point lies in the closure of $A$ iff some sequence in $A$ converges to it, and a set is closed iff it is sequentially closed, which spends $\mathrm{AC}_\omega$ to produce one approximating sequence at one point at a time (The Axiom of Countable Choice ( $\mathrm{AC}_\omega$ )); and inside A uniformly continuous map from a dense subspace into a complete metric space extends uniquely to a uniformly continuous map on the whole space, which is cited as [L2].

Depends on

Used by

The completion of ℚ under the usual metric is ℝ Example

Dependency tree · next 3 levels

Direct dependencies and their dependencies through the next three levels: 136 results over 26 levels. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, and this result sits at the bottom with a heavier outline. Click the chart to enlarge it.

Sources

Complete metric space (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
Uniform continuity (Wikipedia) (standard reference, not scraped)
W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 3 (standard reference, not scraped)