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Differentiating an integral with moving endpoints
Statement
Let be an open interval, let with for , let be an open interval containing the closure of the union of the intervals over , and let be continuous with continuous partial derivative . Then is on and
Facts & Assumptions
Given: open intervals , functions with , and a continuous whose partial derivative exists and is continuous on , with containing the closure of the union of the intervals .
If is order-convex with at least two elements and is continuous, then for , is a primitive of and for every primitive of and in (Every continuous function on an interval has a primitive; two primitives differ by a constant; and for any primitive ).
Let , and let be continuous with differentiable on and derivative for every fixed . Then is differentiable on with (Leibniz's rule on a compact rectangle: an interior parameter derivative with a continuous extension may be passed through a Riemann integral).
If is totally differentiable at and is totally differentiable at , then is totally differentiable at with (The chain rule for total derivatives: ). The required total differentiability follows from continuous coordinate partial derivatives (If all partial derivatives exist on a neighbourhood and are continuous at a point, then the map is totally differentiable there with Jacobian derivative).
Sums and differences of differentiable functions are differentiable, with derivative the sum respectively difference of the derivatives (Sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients: , , , and when ).
Proof
Localisation. Fix . Choose a compact interval with in its interior . The endpoint functions are bounded on by A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value, so choose in with for , and choose with . Define on . By [F1], .
The primitive is on an open neighbourhood of the endpoint curves. By [F1], ; by [F2] on compact rectangles inside , . This last expression is jointly continuous: on a fixed compact rectangle, uniform continuity of (Heine-Cantor: a continuous map from a compact metric space to any metric space is uniformly continuous) bounds the change in by the interval length times a uniform error, and boundedness bounds the change in by a constant times . Thus both partial derivatives are continuous, and If all partial derivatives exist on a neighbourhood and are continuous at a point, then the map is totally differentiable there with Jacobian derivative makes totally differentiable.
Apply [F3] to the curves and in the open domain of , and subtract using [F4]. Evaluation of the primitive gives . The same uniform estimate as in step 1.2 shows this derivative is continuous. Since was arbitrary, the formula holds throughout .
Depends on
- Leibniz's rule on a compact rectangle: an interior parameter derivative with a continuous extension may be passed through a Riemann integral
- Every continuous function on an interval has a primitive; two primitives differ by a constant; and $\int_a^b f = G(b)-G(a)$ for any primitive $G$
- The chain rule for total derivatives: $D(g\circ f)(a)=Dg(f(a))\circ Df(a)$
- Sums, scalar multiples, products and quotients: $(f+g)'(c) = f'(c) + g'(c)$, $(\alpha f)'(c) = \alpha f'(c)$, $(fg)'(c) = f'(c)g(c) + f(c)g'(c)$, and $(f/g)'(c) = \bigl(f'(c)g(c) - f(c)g'(c)\bigr)/g(c)^{2}$ when $g(c) \ne 0$
- If all partial derivatives exist on a neighbourhood and are continuous at a point, then the map is totally differentiable there with Jacobian derivative
- Heine-Cantor: a continuous map from a compact metric space to any metric space is uniformly continuous
- A continuous real-valued function on a nonempty compact metric space is bounded and attains a greatest and a least value
- For $n\ge1$, every Euclidean closed ball and every Euclidean sphere of positive radius is compact
Used by
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Sources
- Victor Ivrii, Partial Differential Equations (University of Toronto, 2018, CC BY-SA) (standard reference, not scraped)
- Gerald Teschl, Partial Differential Equations: From Classical to Modern (2025 archived author manuscript, AMS Graduate Studies in Mathematics) (standard reference, not scraped)