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A disc missing p carries a holomorphic logarithm of zp

Statement

Let D(c,ρ)=B(c,ρ) be an open disc in C with ρ>0 and let pC with pD(c,ρ). Then there is a holomorphic L:D(c,ρ)C with

exp(L(z))=zpfor every zD(c,ρ),

and every such L satisfies L(z)=1/(zp) there. If L1 and L2 both have this property, then L1L2 is a constant lying in 2πiZ.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: An open disc D(c,ρ) with ρ>0 and a point pD(c,ρ).

[L1]

If D(a,r) is an open disc with r>0 and h:D(a,r)C is holomorphic and nowhere zero, then there is a holomorphic L:D(a,r)C with exp(L(z))=h(z) for every zD(a,r) (A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a disc has a holomorphic logarithm).

[L2]

If L and h are holomorphic on an open U with expL=h, then h is nowhere zero and L=h/h; if U misses p and h(z)=zp, then L(z)=1/(zp) (A holomorphic logarithm is a primitive of the logarithmic derivative).

[L3]

ker(exp)=2πiZ, and expz=expw exactly when zw2πiZ (ker(exp)=2πiZ, and expz=expw exactly when zw2πiZ).

[L4]

The continuous image of a connected subset is a connected subset (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property).

[L6]

A path-connected subset of a topological space is a connected subset (Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component); a subset is path-connected when any two of its points are joined by a continuous map from [0,1] with image inside it (Paths, path-connected spaces and path components).

[L7]

A subset URm is convex when (1t)x+tyU for all x,yU and t[0,1] (A convex subset of Rm contains every line segment between two of its points).

[L8]

B(x,r)={y:d(x,y)<r} (Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space).

[L9]

Linear combinations, products and nonvanishing quotients of functions complex differentiable at a point are complex differentiable there; constants have derivative 0 and the identity has derivative 1 (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives).

[L10]

A function complex differentiable at a point is continuous there (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).

[L11]

zw=zw and z+wz+w for complex z,w (Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, zz=z2, and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive).

[L12]

For z=a+bi with a,b real, Imz=b and z=a2+b2 (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus).

[L13]

The integers form an ordered commutative ring, and their canonical image in R is discrete; hence if m<n then m+12 lies strictly between them and is not an integer (The integers form a commutative ring, The integers form a totally ordered ring, Integer part: for every real x there is exactly one integer m with mx<m+1).

Proof

technique · direct
1.1

The function h(z)=zp is holomorphic on D(c,ρ) by [L9], and it is nowhere zero there because pD(c,ρ); so [L1] supplies a holomorphic L on D(c,ρ) with expL=h, and [L2] gives L(z)=1/(zp) for every such L.

givenL1L2L9
1.2

D(c,ρ) is convex in the sense of [L7]: for z,w in it and t[0,1], [L8] and [L11] give (1t)z+twc=(1t)(zc)+t(wc)(1t)zc+twc<ρ. Hence any two of its points are joined by the continuous map t(1t)z+tw of [0,1] into it, so D(c,ρ) is path-connected and therefore a connected subset of C by [L6].

L6L7L8L11
2.1

Let L1,L2 both be holomorphic on D(c,ρ) with expLj=h. Then exp(L1(z))=exp(L2(z)) for every z, so L1(z)L2(z)2πiZ by [L3]; in particular Re(L1L2)=0 and the function g:=Im(L1L2)/(2π) takes values in Z. By [L9] and [L10] the difference L1L2 is continuous, and Imvv by [L12], so g is a continuous real-valued function on D(c,ρ).

step 1.1L3L9L10L12
3.1

By step 1.2 and [L4] the image g[D(c,ρ)] is a connected subset of R, hence order-convex by [L5]; if it contained two distinct integers m<n it would contain m+12, which is not an integer, contradicting step 2.1 and [L13]. So g is constant, and L1L2 is the constant 2πig2πiZ.

step 1.2step 2.1L4L5L13

Depends on

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