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A disc missing carries a holomorphic logarithm of
Statement
Let be an open disc in with and let with . Then there is a holomorphic with
and every such satisfies there. If and both have this property, then is a constant lying in .
Facts & Assumptions
Given: An open disc with and a point .
If is an open disc with and is holomorphic and nowhere zero, then there is a holomorphic with for every (A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a disc has a holomorphic logarithm).
If and are holomorphic on an open with , then is nowhere zero and ; if misses and , then (A holomorphic logarithm is a primitive of the logarithmic derivative).
, and exactly when (, and exactly when ).
The continuous image of a connected subset is a connected subset (A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property).
A subset is connected exactly when it is order-convex: and imply (The connected subspaces of with its usual topology are exactly the order-convex subsets, the published characterisation transported by the identification of the two descriptions of "open in ").
A path-connected subset of a topological space is a connected subset (Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component); a subset is path-connected when any two of its points are joined by a continuous map from with image inside it (Paths, path-connected spaces and path components).
A subset is convex when for all and (A convex subset of contains every line segment between two of its points).
Linear combinations, products and nonvanishing quotients of functions complex differentiable at a point are complex differentiable there; constants have derivative and the identity has derivative (Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives).
A function complex differentiable at a point is continuous there (Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there).
For with real, and (Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus).
The integers form an ordered commutative ring, and their canonical image in is discrete; hence if then lies strictly between them and is not an integer (The integers form a commutative ring, The integers form a totally ordered ring, Integer part: for every real there is exactly one integer with ).
Proof
The function is holomorphic on by [L9], and it is nowhere zero there because ; so [L1] supplies a holomorphic on with , and [L2] gives for every such .
is convex in the sense of [L7]: for in it and , [L8] and [L11] give . Hence any two of its points are joined by the continuous map of into it, so is path-connected and therefore a connected subset of by [L6].
Let both be holomorphic on with . Then for every , so by [L3]; in particular and the function takes values in . By [L9] and [L10] the difference is continuous, and by [L12], so is a continuous real-valued function on .
By step 1.2 and [L4] the image is a connected subset of , hence order-convex by [L5]; if it contained two distinct integers it would contain , which is not an integer, contradicting step 2.1 and [L13]. So is constant, and is the constant .
Depends on
- A nonvanishing holomorphic function on a disc has a holomorphic logarithm
- A holomorphic logarithm is a primitive of the logarithmic derivative
- $\ker(\exp)=2\pi i\mathbb Z$, and $\exp z=\exp w$ exactly when $z-w\in2\pi i\mathbb Z$
- A continuous image of a connected space is connected, and connectedness is a topological property
- The connected subspaces of $\mathbb{R}$ with its usual topology are exactly the order-convex subsets, the published characterisation transported by the identification of the two descriptions of "open in $\mathbb{R}$"
- Every path-connected space is connected, and every path component lies inside a component
- Paths, path-connected spaces and path components
- A convex subset of $\mathbb{R}^m$ contains every line segment between two of its points
- Open ball, closed ball and sphere in a metric space
- Linearity, product, reciprocal, and quotient rules for complex derivatives
- Complex differentiability at a point implies continuity there
- Conjugation is an involutive real-field automorphism, $z\overline z=|z|^2$, and modulus is definite, multiplicative, and subadditive
- Real and imaginary parts, complex conjugation, and modulus
- The integers as equivalence classes of pairs of naturals
- The integers form a commutative ring
- The integers form a totally ordered ring
- Integer part: for every real $x$ there is exactly one integer $m$ with $m \le x < m + 1$
Used by
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Sources
- L. V. Ahlfors, Complex Analysis, 3rd ed., Ch. 4 §2.1 (standard reference, not scraped)