How statement and proof provenance work
The first chip identifies the source of the statement or construction; the second identifies the source of its local proof or verification.
- Literature-sourced: the exact statement appears in a cited source; only wording and notation differ.
- AI-adapted: a semantically identical restatement of literature-sourced material, modulo indexing, notation, and boundary cases adopted by the library.
- AI-generated: a genuinely novel statement formulated by AI, with no source for the claim itself.
These labels describe origin, not correctness: citations and verification chips remain separate evidence.
Point-motion boundary map is a homomorphism
Statement
Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let be the closed unit disc, let be the base configuration of Boundary-fixed mapping class group of a punctured disk, put
and let be the boundary map of Boundary map from point motions. Then:
- is well defined: depends neither on the representative loop in its path-homotopy class nor on the evaluation lift chosen in the definition;
- for all , where the product on the left is the first-loop-then-second product of Based loops and the fundamental group and the product on the right is the product of the mapping class group of Boundary-fixed mapping class group of a punctured disk;
- consequently is a group homomorphism and agrees with the connecting map of the published fibration exact sequence in the library's inverse-endpoint convention.
The assertion includes , where is a one-point space and is the map of trivial groups, and , where no collision condition is imposed.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: The Axiom of Choice, the evaluation map of Evaluation is a numerable bundle and Hurewicz fibration with fibre over , a based loop at , and lifts of based loops by starting at .
is a Hurewicz fibration whose fibre over the basepoint is exactly (Evaluation is a numerable bundle and Hurewicz fibration).
for any lift of with , and is its target (Boundary map from point motions).
and its subgroup are topological groups in the compact-open topology, which on is uniform convergence; composition and inversion are continuous, and is a group with product , identity and inverse (Boundary-fixed mapping class group of a punctured disk, On a nonempty compact metric domain, the compact-open topology is the uniform topology).
For the Hurewicz fibration , a homotopy lifts to with prescribed compatible values on , since is a finite CW pair; in particular every path in lifts from every prescribed initial point (A fibration has path lifting and homotopy lifting relative to a subspace).
The product of loop classes is first loop then second: with for and for ; the reversed loop represents the inverse class, and is a group with this product (Based loops and the fundamental group, Loop classes form the group under concatenation).
The connecting map of the fibration exact sequence is , where is the endpoint component of a lift of starting at and products of loops are traversed left-to-right (Long exact sequence of homotopy groups of a fibration).
A group homomorphism is a map of groups with for all (Monoid homomorphism and group homomorphism).
The group is contractible; its Alexander deformation joins every element to the identity (Alexander contraction of the boundary-fixed disk homeomorphism group).
Proof
Independence of the evaluation lift. Let be lifts of the same based loop with , and put ; this is a continuous path by [L3] with . For each , the tuples and satisfy , so for a permutation ; applying the homeomorphism coordinatewise gives , because . Hence for every , so is a path in the fibre from to . Therefore in , that is by the product rule of [L3]; multiplying by the inverse of gives , and by [L2] the value does not depend on the chosen lift.
Independence of the representative. Let be a path homotopy relative to from to a second based loop at , so , and . Let be a lift of with , prescribe the constant lift on the bottom edge and on the left edge of the square: the two prescriptions agree at the corner because . By the relative lifting clause of [L4] there is with agreeing with these values; in particular the right edge is a lift of starting at , and the top edge has image under constantly equal to , hence lies in and joins to . Thus in , and applying the continuous inversion of [L3] gives ; by [L2] and step 1.1, .
Multiplicativity. Let be based loops at with lifts from , and write , , both in by [L1]. Define by for and for . The two formulas agree at because , so is continuous by [L3]; also . For one has , and for one has , where the middle equality uses , so as sets; hence . Therefore is a lift of from with terminal value , and [L2] together with the identity in the group gives the third equality being the product rule for from [L3] and the first the product convention [L5].
Conclusion, and agreement with the exact sequence. Steps 1.1 and 2.1 show that is well defined on , and step 2.2 shows that it preserves products; by [L7] it is a group homomorphism. For a lift of from the identity, write . The path starts at the identity, ends at , and evaluates to because setwise. Hence the endpoint-component action of [L6] on the inverse loop class gives by [L2]. When , is a singleton and the constant path at the identity is one lift of its unique loop. Step 1.1 shows that every other lift gives the same identity component; indeed it is already a path in . By [L8], is trivial as well; when there is no collision condition and the displayed square and concatenation arguments apply verbatim.
Remarks
- The lift-independence argument of step 1.1 never uses the lifting property: two lifts of one based loop differ by the continuous -valued path , which is the standard translation argument for the components of a fibre. The relative lifting property of [L4] is used only to compare two representatives, exactly as the fibration connecting map is well defined on the base.
- The inverse in the definition of is what makes step 2.2 conclude rather than the reversed product: the endpoint of a lift of the concatenated loop is , so the raw endpoint assignment would be an anti-homomorphism.
Depends on
- Boundary map from point motions
- Evaluation is a numerable bundle and Hurewicz fibration
- Boundary-fixed mapping class group of a punctured disk
- Based loops and the fundamental group
- Loop classes form the group $\pi_1(X,x_0)$ under concatenation
- A fibration has path lifting and homotopy lifting relative to a subspace
- On a nonempty compact metric domain, the compact-open topology is the uniform topology
- Long exact sequence of homotopy groups of a fibration
- Alexander contraction of the boundary-fixed disk homeomorphism group
- Monoid homomorphism and group homomorphism
- The Axiom of Choice
Used by
- Setwise boundary preservation kills a nontrivial braid Counterexample
- Point pushing the last puncture Definition
- Point pushing one puncture around another Example
- Braid group as boundary-fixed punctured-disk mapping classes Theorem
- Evaluation boundary isomorphism for the disk Theorem
- Point pushing is the kernel of forgetting the last disk puncture Theorem
Dependency tree · two levels
45 results within two dependency steps of this one, each drawn at its shortest distance from it. An arrow runs from a result to what uses it, so the chart reads left to right and ends at this result, which carries a heavier outline. Every node is a link to that result. Click elsewhere on the chart to enlarge it.
Sources
- Joan S. Birman and Tara E. Brendle, Braids: A Survey, section 1.3 and the proof of Theorem 1, author manuscript pp. 5-7 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Brayton Gray, Homotopy Theory: An Introduction to Algebraic Topology, Chapter 8 on fibre spaces and exact sequences (standard reference, not scraped)