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Bochner Lp is complete for a Banach value space
Statement
Let be a real Banach space, , and . Then , with norm , is complete under Countable Choice.
Facts & Assumptions
Given: A real Banach space , , , and a Cauchy sequence in .
Every Cauchy sequence in has a limit in (Banach space).
Here is the space of a.e.-classes of strongly measurable -valued functions with , with norm . Strong measurability means a.e. pointwise norm convergence of measurable simple functions (Strongly measurable Banach-valued function).
After modifying representatives to be zero on exceptional null sets, finite sums and differences of strongly measurable functions are strongly measurable, and their norm functions are measurable: finite sums of simple approximants are simple, while the norm is continuous and pointwise limits of measurable scalar functions are measurable (Sequential suprema, infima, limsup, liminf, and pointwise limits of measurable functions are measurable).
The scalar norm satisfies Minkowski's inequality. Together with , this gives the triangle inequality for the displayed Bochner norm (Minkowski's inequality for integrals, including ).
Increasing nonnegative measurable functions satisfy monotone convergence for their integrals (Monotone convergence for the integral).
Dominated convergence holds for nonnegative measurable functions, and the nonnegative integral is monotone (Dominated convergence, Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral).
Measures are monotone and countably subadditive, and a nonnegative extended series is the supremum of its finite partial sums (Measures are monotone, Finite and countable subadditivity of measures, Series in the nonnegative extended real line).
The finite interval has Lebesgue measure (A box in with parameters is Lebesgue measurable of measure , whichever of its faces are included).
Countable Choice selects representatives and simple-function approximating sequences for the countable subsequence, and indices from countably many nonempty approximation sets (The Axiom of Countable Choice ()). Subsequence indices can be chosen by least-index recursion.
Proof
The Cauchy sequence has a subsequence with for , by recursively taking the least eligible indices. Countable Choice [A1] selects strongly measurable representatives for these classes. Put . By [F3], is measurable; Minkowski [F4] gives . Monotone convergence [F5] gives with . Thus almost everywhere: for , for every , and [F6] gives , forcing .
Outside the null set where , the sequence is Cauchy in and converges to by [F1]; set on that null set. For each , choose a simple sequence almost everywhere, as supplied by [F2] and [A1]. The sets are measurable by [F3], and their indicators tend to zero almost everywhere as . Dominated convergence [F6] on the finite interval [F8] lets Countable Choice [A1] select with . By [F7], the set has measure at most for every , hence is null. Outside and the previous null set, , so is strongly measurable by [F2]. Also almost everywhere; [F6] makes this difference , and Minkowski [F4] gives . For each , and is bounded by . Dominated convergence [F6] gives .
The original sequence is Cauchy and has the subsequence ; given , choose with and then take the original index sufficiently far out that its distance to is below . The triangle inequality [F4] proves convergence of the entire sequence to , so is complete.
Depends on
- Banach space
- Strongly measurable Banach-valued function
- The Axiom of Countable Choice ($\mathrm{AC}_\omega$)
- Minkowski's inequality for integrals, including $p = \infty$
- Monotone convergence for the integral
- Dominated convergence
- Finite and countable subadditivity of measures
- Measures are monotone
- Monotonicity and nonnegative homogeneity of the nonnegative integral
- Series in the nonnegative extended real line
- A box in $\mathbb{R}^n$ with parameters $a_i\le b_i$ is Lebesgue measurable of measure $\prod_{i<n}(b_i-a_i)$, whichever of its faces are included
- Sequential suprema, infima, limsup, liminf, and pointwise limits of measurable functions are measurable
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Sources
- Tomáš Roubíček, Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations with Applications, 2nd ed., Birkhäuser, 2005 (standard reference, not scraped)
- Haim Brezis, Functional Analysis, Sobolev Spaces and Partial Differential Equations, Springer Universitext, 2011 (standard reference, not scraped)