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A Seifert framing has zero self-linking

Statement

Assume the Axiom of Choice. Let K⊂S3 be a smooth oriented knot and let F⊂S3 be a connected compact smooth oriented embedded surface whose oriented boundary is K. The normal framing along K given by the inward unit conormal to K in F has self-linking number zero. Here self-linking is the linking number of K with a sufficiently small disjoint push-off along that framing. In the framing-class parameterization by relative winding from the surface framing, this class has integer zero.

Facts & Assumptions

Given: The Axiom of Choice, a smooth oriented knot K⊂S3, and a connected compact smooth oriented embedded surface F whose oriented boundary is K.

[A1]

The Axiom of Choice implies the Axiom of Countable Choice through dependent choice. (The Axiom of Choice) (AC implies DC implies countable choice)

[F1]

A Seifert surface is a connected compact smooth oriented embedded surface whose oriented boundary is the specified knot; its genus formula assumes ACω. (Oriented Seifert surfaces in the three-sphere)

[F2]

For a knot with a supplied oriented spanning surface, the inward unit surface conormal is a reference normal framing, and relative winding identifies its framing class with zero. (Normal framing classes relative to a spanning surface are classified by winding)

[F3]

Under ACω, the inward unit conormal defines the Seifert framing; its self-linking is the linking number with a sufficiently small push-off along that section. (Framed knots, self-linking, and the Seifert framing)

[F4]

For any normalized tubular-neighbourhood chart and sufficiently small radius, the push-off is embedded and its linking number is independent of the radius, the representative nowhere-zero normal section, and the normalized chart; hence it depends only on the framing class. (Small framed push-offs define a well-defined self-linking number)

[F5]

For disjoint oriented circles J,K and an oriented spanning surface Σ with ∂Σ=K, if J is transverse to Σ and D is a regular oriented diagram of J∪K, the diagram linking number equals the signed intersection number J⋅Σ. The theorem assumes the Axiom of Choice. (Linking number equals signed intersection with a spanning surface)

[F6]

Under ACω, every oriented link in R3 has a dense set of directions giving a regular diagram with finitely many crossings. (Existence of regular projections)

[F7]

A regular oriented diagram is a projection with only finitely many transverse double points and no triple points. (Regular oriented link diagrams)

[F8]

A smooth manifold with boundary has a smooth collar under ACω; a collar is a smooth embedding of the boundary times a half-interval, equal to the boundary inclusion at zero and onto an open boundary neighbourhood. (Collar neighborhood theorem) (Smooth collars of a manifold boundary)

[F9]

A tubular chart exists under ACω. It may be normalized as in [F4]: its vertical derivative induces a smooth fibrewise isomorphism B to the normal quotient, and precomposing the chart by B−1 makes that identification the identity. A smooth isotopy of a compact boundaryless embedded source, stationary near its parameter endpoints, extends to an ambient isotopy; linking number is unchanged under ambient isotopy of oriented two-component links. (The tubular neighbourhood theorem in a smooth ambient manifold) (A smooth isotopy of a compact manifold extends to an ambient isotopy) (The mixed crossing sum is even and defines linking number)

[F10]

The standard smooth step function σ is smooth, is zero for arguments at most zero, and is one for arguments at least one. (The standard smooth step function)

Proof

1.1givenA1F1F2

By [A1], the ACω hypotheses in [F1], [F3], and [F6] hold. The given F is a Seifert surface by [F1]. Use its inward unit conormal as the reference normal field. By [F2], this Seifert framing has relative winding integer zero.

1.2givenF8construct

Let s be the inward unit conormal, viewed in the round-metric normal bundle. By [F8], choose a smooth collar c:K×[0,ε0)→F and orient its levels by the original K. For sufficiently small δ>0, set J0=c(K,δ). It is embedded, lies in int⁡F, and is disjoint from K. No prescribed collar velocity is assumed: since c is an embedding onto a boundary neighbourhood, ∂tc(p,0) is inward transverse to K in F. Its normal quotient is therefore a(p)s(p) for a smooth function a(p)>0; a tangential component is allowed.

2.1givenF4F9step 1.2constructalgebra

Use a normalized tubular chart Φ of K as in [F4] and [F9], and write Φ−1(c(p,t))=(bt(p),vt(p)), with vt(p) in the normal fibre over bt(p). Compactness permits one small interval of t on which these expressions are defined for every p. At t=0 they are (p,0), and normalization identifies the vertical derivative with a(p)s(p). The maps bt are C1-close to the identity. In a smooth oriented circle coordinate their lifts have the form u+rt(u) with rt periodic and ∥rt′∥∞<1/2 for small t; thus the lifts are increasing degree-one diffeomorphisms. Hence each bt is an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism. Reparametrize the level over x=bt(p), obtaining a smooth normal section wt(x)=vt(bt−1(x)). Taylor expansion in finitely many bundle charts gives, uniformly on K, wt(x)=ta(x)s(x)+O(t2). Because a has positive minimum and s is unit, after decreasing δ this implies ⟨wδ(x),s(x)⟩>0 for every x.

2.2givenF6F7step 1.2construct

Since F is a compact embedded surface, it is closed and has empty interior in S3; hence its complement contains a point q. Choose an orientation-preserving stereographic chart from q. It places K∪J0 and F in R3. Let F0 be the closure in F of the complement of the open boundary collar c(K×[0,δ)). Then F0 is compact, is disjoint from K, and has boundary set J0. Give F0 its orientation inherited from F; at its new boundary the outward collar-normal points back toward K, so the induced boundary orientation is the transported orientation of J0, parallel to K. Apply [F6] and [F7] to choose a regular oriented diagram D of K∪J0, with the projection-plane orientation induced from S3.

3.1A1F3F4F9F10step 1.2step 2.1construct

For 0≤u≤1, interpolate in each normal fibre by zu(x)=(1−χ(u))wδ(x)+χ(u)δs(x), where χ(u)=σ(3u−1) is the plateau from [F10]. Every zu has positive pairing with s, so it never meets the zero section. Uniformly these vectors have norm O(δ); a common disk bundle about the compact zero section lies in the tubular domain, so all interpolating graphs lie in that domain when δ is small. Each graph projects identically to K, hence is an embedded circle, and Φ carries it to an embedded circle disjoint from K. With K as the fixed first component this is a smooth two-component link isotopy, stationary near its parameter endpoints, from K∪J0 to K∪Φ(δs). The orientation on J0 agrees with the graph orientation because bδ preserves orientation. By [F9] the family extends to an ambient isotopy and its linking number is unchanged. The endpoint Φ(δs) is exactly a sufficiently small normalized-chart push-off in [F3]–[F4]. Consequently the self-linking in the statement equals lk⁡(K,J0), without identifying the collar level literally with a chart graph of δs.

3.2A1F5step 2.2algebra

Apply [F5] with its first component J equal to the original knot K, its second (boundary) component equal to J0, and the oriented spanning surface Σ=F0. The curve K is disjoint from F0, so it is transverse to F0 with empty intersection and has signed intersection number zero. Thus [F5] gives lk⁡D(K,J0)=lk⁡(K,J0)=0. This computes the linking number in the same order as the self-linking convention. The Axiom of Choice is the hypothesis used by [F5]; [A1] supplies the countable-choice hypotheses of the other cited suppliers.

4.1F2F3F4step 1.1step 3.1step 3.2algebra∎

By [F3] and step 3.1, lk⁡(K,J0) is the self-linking of the Seifert framing; step 3.2 makes it zero. Step 1.1 gives relative framing integer zero.

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